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Questions and Answers
What is a primary feature of autoimmune disorders?
What is a primary feature of autoimmune disorders?
- Improved tolerance to self-antigens
- Reduced immune system activity
- Increased production of immunoglobulins
- Failure of self-tolerance (correct)
Which of the following mechanisms is commonly associated with autoimmune diseases?
Which of the following mechanisms is commonly associated with autoimmune diseases?
- Decrease in cytokine signaling
- Inhibition of autoantibody production
- Development of autoantibodies (correct)
- Increased immune tolerance
What aspect is recommended for early treatment strategies for autoimmune disorders?
What aspect is recommended for early treatment strategies for autoimmune disorders?
- Complete physical and mental rest (correct)
- Continual physical exertion to boost immune response
- High protein diet without vitamins
- Use of immunosuppressive therapies immediately
Which therapeutic strategy is focused on in the treatment of autoimmune disorders?
Which therapeutic strategy is focused on in the treatment of autoimmune disorders?
What is suggested as a physical treatment method in early therapies for autoimmune conditions?
What is suggested as a physical treatment method in early therapies for autoimmune conditions?
What is a major barrier to the successful grafting of embryonic stem cells?
What is a major barrier to the successful grafting of embryonic stem cells?
How can induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells be generated?
How can induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells be generated?
What is a potential benefit of using iPS cells for tissue repair?
What is a potential benefit of using iPS cells for tissue repair?
What innovative approach is being explored to enhance the compatibility of embryonic stem cells for transplantation?
What innovative approach is being explored to enhance the compatibility of embryonic stem cells for transplantation?
What is the significance of pigs with a record number of modified genes in the context of organ transplantation?
What is the significance of pigs with a record number of modified genes in the context of organ transplantation?
What does a positive tuberculin skin test indicate?
What does a positive tuberculin skin test indicate?
In the context of immunologic diseases, what is the main goal of current therapeutic approaches?
In the context of immunologic diseases, what is the main goal of current therapeutic approaches?
Which autoantibodies are primarily produced in 80% of rheumatoid arthritis patients?
Which autoantibodies are primarily produced in 80% of rheumatoid arthritis patients?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by induration following exposure to PPD?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by induration following exposure to PPD?
Which component is NOT commonly targeted by current therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases?
Which component is NOT commonly targeted by current therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases?
What type of solution is PPD when used for testing tuberculosis exposure?
What type of solution is PPD when used for testing tuberculosis exposure?
What cells are primarily involved in the hypersensitivity reaction after PPD injection?
What cells are primarily involved in the hypersensitivity reaction after PPD injection?
Which of the following is NOT an outcome of treating rheumatoid arthritis with anti-TNF-α agents?
Which of the following is NOT an outcome of treating rheumatoid arthritis with anti-TNF-α agents?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is uniquely associated with allergic diseases?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is uniquely associated with allergic diseases?
What defines autoantibodies that act as receptor agonists?
What defines autoantibodies that act as receptor agonists?
How do autoantibodies that are receptor antagonists differ from agonists?
How do autoantibodies that are receptor antagonists differ from agonists?
Which of the following diseases is caused by autoantibodies against the TSH receptor?
Which of the following diseases is caused by autoantibodies against the TSH receptor?
What role do antibodies against streptococcal cell-wall antigens play in rheumatic fever?
What role do antibodies against streptococcal cell-wall antigens play in rheumatic fever?
What kinds of immune mechanisms contribute to tissue injury in hypersensitivity diseases?
What kinds of immune mechanisms contribute to tissue injury in hypersensitivity diseases?
What characterizes type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What characterizes type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a primary outcome of T3 and T4 action in thyroid hormone regulation?
What is a primary outcome of T3 and T4 action in thyroid hormone regulation?
What is a consequence of autoAbs binding to the TSH receptor in Graves' disease?
What is a consequence of autoAbs binding to the TSH receptor in Graves' disease?
In myasthenia gravis, what primary effect do autoAbs have on muscle acetylcholine receptors?
In myasthenia gravis, what primary effect do autoAbs have on muscle acetylcholine receptors?
What role do antibodies play when they function as agonists?
What role do antibodies play when they function as agonists?
What is the typical characteristic of autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases?
What is the typical characteristic of autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases?
Which mechanism does NOT contribute to the destruction of RBCs in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Which mechanism does NOT contribute to the destruction of RBCs in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
What is the primary effect of autoAbs on neuromuscular junctions in myasthenia gravis?
What is the primary effect of autoAbs on neuromuscular junctions in myasthenia gravis?
AutoAbs that act as antagonists do what to cell-surface receptors?
AutoAbs that act as antagonists do what to cell-surface receptors?
Which condition is associated with antibodies specifically targeting acetylcholine receptors?
Which condition is associated with antibodies specifically targeting acetylcholine receptors?
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Study Notes
Autoimmune Disorders
- More than 80 known autoimmune disorders exist
- Affect a wide range of organ systems
- Both cellular and humoral immune components can be involved
Common Autoimmune Mechanisms
- Each autoimmune disease likely has specific triggers and pathogenesis
- Common mechanisms include development of autoantibodies and aberrant cytokine signaling
- Therapeutic strategies focus on suppressing the abnormal immune response
Early Treatment Strategies
- Recommended treatment for autoimmune disorders in 1883 included:
- Complete physical and mental rest (bed rest)
- Good nourishing diet with plenty of vitamins and iron
- Living in the best hygienic conditions
- Elimination of sepsis
- Physical and orthopedic treatment
- Analgesics to promote sleep and relieve pain (aspirin, phenacetin, caffeine)
Comparing Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Allergic diseases, transplantation diseases, and autoimmune diseases share effector mechanisms corresponding to type II, III, and IV hypersensitivity reactions
- Allergic diseases are unique in their reliance on IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reactions
Autoantibodies and Heart Tissue
- Antibodies produced in response to bacterial infection can cross-react with heart tissue, leading to rheumatic fever
Infections and Autoimmunity
- Certain infections are linked to the onset of autoimmunity
Antibody-Mediated Disease
- Antibodies can act as receptor agonists, mimicking the natural ligand and activating signaling pathways
- Antibodies can act as receptor antagonists, blocking the natural ligand from binding and preventing signaling
Examples of Antibody-Mediated Diseases
- Graves' disease is caused by autoantibodies that mimic TSH, stimulating thyroid hormone production
- Myasthenia gravis is caused by autoantibodies that block acetylcholine receptors, leading to muscle weakness
Cell- or Tissue-Specific Antibodies
- Antibodies responsible for cell or tissue-specific diseases are typically autoantibodies, but can also be specific to microbes
Mechanisms of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
- Red blood cells (RBCs) can be destroyed by several mechanisms in autoimmune hemolytic anemia:
- Phagocytosis by macrophages in the spleen through Fcγ receptors or complement receptors
- Complement activation, leading to lysis of RBCs
- Antibody-mediated agglutination, leading to blood vessel blockage and tissue damage
Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reaction
- Also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)
- Involves T cells and macrophages
- Example: Tuberculin skin test (TST)
Cytokine Antagonists
- Some cytokine antagonists are in clinical use or undergoing trials for treating autoimmune diseases
Therapeutic Approaches
- Therapeutic approaches for autoimmune disorders aim to reduce immune activation and the harmful consequences of autoimmune reactions
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Autoantibodies against nuclear antigens are characteristic
- Activation of complement and inflammation contribute to disease pathogenesis
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- 80% of RA patients produce antibodies against the Fc region of human IgG, known as rheumatoid factors
- Rheumatoid factors contribute to inflammation in the joints
Treatment Effects of Anti-TNF-α in RA
- Anti-TNF-α therapy can reduce inflammation and improve symptoms in RA
Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells
- iPS cells can be derived from adult somatic tissues and can be used to repair tissues with limited regenerative capacity
- iPS cells are less likely to be rejected by the immune system compared to embryonic stem cells
Genetically Modified Pigs for Transplantation
- Pigs have been genetically modified to reduce immunogenicity and improve their suitability as organ donors for humans
- Pigs with multiple gene modifications are being used in experimental transplantations in non-human primates
Future of Organ Transplantation
- Genetically modified pigs hold promise as a source of organs for humans, potentially addressing organ shortages
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