Autoimmune Diseases Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main consequence of auto-antibodies in Graves disease?

  • Excessive production of thyroid hormones (correct)
  • Inhibition of thyroid hormone production
  • Destruction of thyroid tissue
  • Decreased thyroid stimulating hormone levels

Which clinical manifestation is specifically associated with Graves disease?

  • Goiter (correct)
  • Muscle weakness
  • Respiratory failure
  • Joint pain

What is a key characteristic of myasthenia gravis?

  • Destruction of acetylcholine
  • Coating of acetylcholine receptors by antibodies (correct)
  • Elevated levels of thyroid hormones
  • Increased neurotransmitter production

Which treatment is commonly used for Graves disease?

<p>Antithyroid drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor damaged in rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Joint lining (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune disease is characterized by the presence of anti-TSH receptor antibodies?

<p>Graves disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could result from untreated myasthenia gravis?

<p>Respiratory arrest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune reaction is involved in both Graves disease and myasthenia gravis?

<p>Cytotoxic autoimmune reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method used to diagnose Graves disease?

<p>Detection of anti-TSH receptor antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with hyperthyroidism in Graves disease?

<p>Weight gain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method for diagnosing Myasthenia gravis?

<p>Detection of anti-acetylcholine receptors antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly used for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

<p>NSAIDs (B), Corticosteroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic clinical finding is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?

<p>Butterfly rash on the face (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a hallmark antibody for diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus?

<p>Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Damage to the proximal interphalangeal joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is primarily affected by systemic lupus erythematosus?

<p>Women aged 20-60 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus related to immune complex deposition?

<p>Glomerulonephritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor is thought to potentially contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Genetic predisposition (B), Viral infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What finding in the blood is typically associated with myasthenia gravis?

<p>Presence of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of drugs is frequently used to treat symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of tissue damage in autoimmune diseases?

<p>Inflammatory processes mediated by hypersensitivity reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity is primarily involved in Graves' disease?

<p>Type II hypersensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-organ-specific autoimmune disease?

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do autoimmune diseases most commonly affect populations?

<p>Mostly affect women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of organ-specific autoimmune diseases?

<p>The immune response targets self-antigens in specific cells or tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following autoimmune diseases is associated with auto-antibodies that alter muscle function?

<p>Myasthenia gravis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population in developed countries is estimated to be affected by autoimmune diseases?

<p>5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the development of auto-antibodies in autoimmune diseases?

<p>Loss of self-tolerance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes systemic autoimmune diseases?

<p>They result from auto-reactive T cells interacting with multiple tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of autoimmune disease is more likely to affect the thyroid gland?

<p>Graves' disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is rheumatoid factor primarily recognized as?

<p>An antibody (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cytokines is not typically produced by macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>IL-10 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the additional type IV delayed hypersensitivity responses in rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>High levels of TNF (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is not commonly utilized for rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During active rheumatoid arthritis, which is typically expected in serum levels?

<p>Low titers of complement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibody is rheumatoid factor usually classified as?

<p>IgM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Immune complexes activating complement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of TNF inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis treatment?

<p>To suppress inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies are considered specific markers for which condition?

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common form of rheumatoid factor found in most patients?

<p>IgM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Autoimmune Disease

A type of disease where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.

Loss of Self-Tolerance

A loss of the ability to recognize the body's own cells as self, leading to immune attacks.

Organ-Specific Autoimmune Disease

Immune responses that target specific organs or tissues.

Non-Organ-Specific Autoimmune Disease

Immune responses that affect multiple organs, causing systemic disease.

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Graves’ Disease

A type of autoimmune disease where antibodies target a specific receptor on thyroid cells, causing hyperthyroidism.

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Myasthenia Gravis

A type of autoimmune disease where antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors on the nerve-muscle junction, leading to muscle weakness.

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Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

A type of hypersensitivity reaction (Type II) where antibodies directly attack cells.

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Immune Complex Hypersensitivity

A type of hypersensitivity reaction (Type III) where immune complexes form and deposit in tissues.

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Cell-mediated Hypersensitivity

A type of hypersensitivity reaction (Type IV) where T cells target and destroy cells.

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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A common example of a non-organ-specific autoimmune disease, characterized by inflammation of multiple organs.

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What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A type of autoimmune disease where antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness.

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How is Myasthenia Gravis Diagnosed?

Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors (AChR) can be detected in the blood.

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How is Myasthenia Gravis Treated?

Medications to increase acetylcholine levels, suppress the immune system, or remove antibodies.

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What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A chronic, multi-organ autoimmune disease affecting the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs.

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What is the Mechanism of SLE?

Immune complexes deposit in tissues, triggering inflammation and damage.

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What is the 'Butterfly Rash' in SLE?

A characteristic rash on the face, particularly the cheeks.

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How is SLE Diagnosed?

Presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), including anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (Anti-ds DNA).

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What is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

Another systemic autoimmune disease causing chronic joint inflammation and damage.

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What are the Common Sites of Inflammation in RA?

Inflammation of the proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints, as well as other joints like the knees and shoulders.

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What are the Causes of RA?

The exact cause is unknown, but genetic predisposition and environmental factors may play a role.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

A chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder primarily affecting the joints. The immune system attacks the lining of joints, leading to inflammation, pain, swelling, and stiffness. Antibodies, particularly rheumatoid factor, target other antibodies, and T-cell cytokines contribute to the damage.

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Graves' Disease (Thyrotoxicosis)

A common form of hyperthyroidism. Autoantibodies, specifically thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), bind to TSH receptors on the thyroid gland. These TSIs mimic the action of TSH, leading to excessive thyroid hormone production (T3 and T4).

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Exophthalmos

A unique feature of Graves' disease, characterized by bulging and protruding eyes. This occurs due to inflammation and fluid buildup behind the eyes, often caused by the immune system attacking the tissues around the eyeballs.

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Neuromuscular Junction

The site where a motor neuron releases acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, to stimulate a muscle fiber. This is crucial for muscle contraction.

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Acetylcholine

The primary neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction. It is released from motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction, binding to acetylcholine receptors and triggering muscle fiber activation.

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Acetylcholine Receptors (AChRs)

The specialized receptors on muscle fibers that bind acetylcholine. These receptors are essential for transmitting nerve signals from motor neurons to muscles.

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Cytotoxic Autoimmune Reaction

The process by which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, leading to various autoimmune diseases. This can involve production of autoantibodies and T-cell mediated destruction of cells.

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Plasmapheresis

A treatment involving the removal of plasma from the blood and replacement with donor plasma. It is used to reduce the concentration of harmful antibodies in autoimmune disorders.

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Autoimmune Attack in Rheumatoid Arthritis

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of joints, causing pain and inflammation. This attack is triggered by the presence of autoantibodies that specifically target citrullinated proteins.

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What is Citrullination?

Citrullination is a process where an amino acid called arginine is chemically modified into citrulline. This modification is important for the immune system because it can change the shape of proteins, making them targets for autoantibodies.

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How do autoantibodies cause joint damage?

Certain immune system cells become activated and release inflammatory chemicals, leading to damage in the synovial membrane, which lines the joint.

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What is Rheumatoid Factor?

Rheumatoid factor is an antibody that mistakenly attacks the body's own antibodies (IgG). This is usually IgM, but can be other types of antibodies too.

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Is Rheumatoid Factor specific for rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid factor is associated with rheumatoid arthritis but is not specific for it. This means that it can be found in other conditions as well.

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How do Rheumatoid Factor and IgG contribute to inflammation?

Rheumatoid factor forms immune complexes with normal IgG, which deposits on synovial membranes and blood vessels causing inflammation.

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What kind of inflammation occurs in the synovial fluid?

The synovial fluid surrounding the affected joints becomes inflamed and contains high levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-1, and IL-6.

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What is a diagnostic marker for rheumatoid arthritis?

High titers of rheumatoid factor in serum and synovial fluid are useful for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis.

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What are highly specific markers for rheumatoid arthritis?

Anti-citrullinated protein (ACP) or anti-cyclic citrullinated protein (CCP) antibodies are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis and are used to confirm the diagnosis.

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What is the treatment approach for rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis treatment aims to alleviate inflammation and slow down joint damage. This involves using aspirin, NSAIDs, methotrexate, corticosteroids and TNF inhibitors, among others.

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What is the role of TNF inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis?

Anti-TNF inhibitors are valuable for suppressing inflammation before it causes significant damage and deformity in the joints.

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Study Notes

Autoimmune Diseases

  • Autoimmune diseases involve tissue damage or impaired physiological function due to an autoimmune response.
  • Over 80 autoimmune diseases have been identified.
  • These conditions affect approximately 5% of the population in developed countries.
  • Autoimmune diseases commonly affect women.

Objectives

  • Inflammatory processes in autoimmune diseases are triggered by hypersensitivity reactions (types II, III, and IV).
  • Autoimmune diseases may target specific organs or affect multiple organs.
  • Disease manifestations vary depending on the affected organ and extent of tissue damage.

Mechanisms of Autoimmune Diseases

  • Self-tolerance failure leads to the formation of autoantibodies or autoreactive T-cells targeting a person's own tissue antigens.
  • Autoimmune responses, and the resulting diseases, can be categorized into:
    • Cytotoxic (Type II hypersensitivity)
    • Immune complex (Type III hypersensitivity)
    • Cell-mediated (Type IV hypersensitivity)

Patterns of Autoimmune Diseases

Organ-Specific Diseases

  • Immune responses are typically directed against self-antigens found in a single type of cell, tissue, or organ.
  • Often affect endocrine glands (e.g., Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis).

Non-Organ-Specific (Systemic) Diseases

  • Immune responses target self-molecules distributed throughout the body.
  • Examples include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Specific Diseases

Graves' Disease

  • A cytotoxic autoimmune reaction.
  • Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) mimic the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on thyroid receptors.
  • Excessive thyroid hormone production (hyperthyroidism) results.

Myasthenia Gravis

  • A cytotoxic autoimmune reaction.
  • Autoantibodies coat acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at neuromuscular junctions.
  • Reduced functional AChRs lead to muscle weakness and fatigue, especially with sustained exertion.
  • This condition can lead to respiratory failure if untreated.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

  • An immune complex-mediated disease.
  • Individuals produce antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) and autoantibodies targeting DNA and other nucleoproteins.
  • Immune complex deposition activates complement, which damages tissue.
  • Primarily affects women between 20 and 60.
  • Symptoms include butterfly rash, arthritis, and kidney involvement.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

  • An immune complex-mediated disease.
  • Inflammation of joints (e.g., proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints).
  • Systemic inflammation.
  • Can affect various other organs like lungs, heart, eyes, and nervous system.
  • Women are more commonly diagnosed between 30 and 50.

Diagnostic Methods

Graves' Disease

  • Detection of anti-TSH receptor antibodies in serum.

Myasthenia Gravis

  • Detection of anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies in serum.

SLE

  • Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test (immunofluorescence).
  • Anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody test (more specific).
  • Reduced complement levels.

RA

  • High titers of rheumatoid factor in serum and synovial fluid.
  • Anti-citrullinated protein/anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody test (specific marker).
  • Reduced complement levels.

Treatment Strategies

  • Treatment strategies often involve using immunosuppressive medications such as corticosteroids or antithyroid drugs..
  • Other treatments including immunomodulators like TNF inhibitors, along with NSAIDs and other therapies targeting specific cytokines, are also employed.

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Autoimmune Diseases PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on various autoimmune diseases, including Graves disease, myasthenia gravis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. This quiz covers clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. Challenge yourself with questions on the key characteristics and consequences of these conditions.

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