Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the classical triad of symptoms associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
What is the classical triad of symptoms associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
What laboratory findings are indicative of diabetes mellitus?
What laboratory findings are indicative of diabetes mellitus?
What is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in the USA?
What is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in the USA?
Which of the following is NOT a complication associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is NOT a complication associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
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Which immune response mechanism is primarily involved in Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Which immune response mechanism is primarily involved in Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
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What is a common complication associated with Myasthenia gravis?
What is a common complication associated with Myasthenia gravis?
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Which symptom is least likely to be associated with Myasthenia gravis?
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with Myasthenia gravis?
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What diagnostic test shows improvement in symptoms for Myasthenia gravis?
What diagnostic test shows improvement in symptoms for Myasthenia gravis?
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Which of the following treatments is specifically used for Myasthenia gravis?
Which of the following treatments is specifically used for Myasthenia gravis?
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In Goodpasture's syndrome, what type of antibodies are primarily involved?
In Goodpasture's syndrome, what type of antibodies are primarily involved?
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Which of these symptoms is characteristic of a cholinergic crisis?
Which of these symptoms is characteristic of a cholinergic crisis?
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What is a significant risk factor for aspiration in patients with Myasthenia gravis?
What is a significant risk factor for aspiration in patients with Myasthenia gravis?
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What imaging test is noted to potentially reveal thymoma in Myasthenia gravis patients?
What imaging test is noted to potentially reveal thymoma in Myasthenia gravis patients?
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What is a common initial misdiagnosis for hypothyroidism?
What is a common initial misdiagnosis for hypothyroidism?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with hypothyroidism?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with hypothyroidism?
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Which imaging technique is primarily used for the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis?
Which imaging technique is primarily used for the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis?
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What type of thyroiditis is characterized by decreased radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)?
What type of thyroiditis is characterized by decreased radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)?
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Which statement about Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is true?
Which statement about Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is true?
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Which of the following treatments is NOT typically used for Multiple Sclerosis?
Which of the following treatments is NOT typically used for Multiple Sclerosis?
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What is a notable feature of MRI findings in Multiple Sclerosis?
What is a notable feature of MRI findings in Multiple Sclerosis?
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Which antibodies are commonly tested in the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis?
Which antibodies are commonly tested in the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis?
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What is a common symptom of Goodpasture's Syndrome affecting the lungs?
What is a common symptom of Goodpasture's Syndrome affecting the lungs?
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Which laboratory finding is most relevant for diagnosing Goodpasture's Syndrome?
Which laboratory finding is most relevant for diagnosing Goodpasture's Syndrome?
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What is the primary treatment approach for a patient diagnosed with Goodpasture's Syndrome?
What is the primary treatment approach for a patient diagnosed with Goodpasture's Syndrome?
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What symptom is NOT commonly associated with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
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Which autoimmune disease is characterized by T lymphocyte-mediated destruction of pancreatic Langerhans islet cells?
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by T lymphocyte-mediated destruction of pancreatic Langerhans islet cells?
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What is a consequence of insulin deficiency in Type 1 diabetes?
What is a consequence of insulin deficiency in Type 1 diabetes?
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What unusual smell is often noted in the breath of a child experiencing ketoacidosis?
What unusual smell is often noted in the breath of a child experiencing ketoacidosis?
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How does increased glucose in the urine affect hydration status?
How does increased glucose in the urine affect hydration status?
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Which symptom is not commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Which symptom is not commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
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What is a common method used to diagnose systemic lupus erythematosus?
What is a common method used to diagnose systemic lupus erythematosus?
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Which statement regarding the prognosis of discoid lupus erythematosus is accurate?
Which statement regarding the prognosis of discoid lupus erythematosus is accurate?
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What role do corticosteroids play in the treatment of SLE?
What role do corticosteroids play in the treatment of SLE?
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Which of the following is a potential result of renal issues in systemic lupus erythematosus?
Which of the following is a potential result of renal issues in systemic lupus erythematosus?
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What is an important feature of drug-induced lupus erythematosus?
What is an important feature of drug-induced lupus erythematosus?
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Which of the following patients is most likely to develop systemic lupus erythematosus?
Which of the following patients is most likely to develop systemic lupus erythematosus?
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Which immunological marker is specifically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?
Which immunological marker is specifically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?
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What specific symptom is most characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis?
What specific symptom is most characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis?
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Which antibody is primarily associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
Which antibody is primarily associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
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What does the swan neck deformity in fingers typically indicate?
What does the swan neck deformity in fingers typically indicate?
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Which of the following is not a non-specific symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?
Which of the following is not a non-specific symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?
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Which area is least likely to be involved in the systemic manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis?
Which area is least likely to be involved in the systemic manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis?
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What finding is most associated with severe disease in rheumatoid arthritis?
What finding is most associated with severe disease in rheumatoid arthritis?
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What is the main purpose of using anti-inflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis treatment?
What is the main purpose of using anti-inflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis treatment?
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Which of the following conditions can present with a positive rheumatoid factor (RF)?
Which of the following conditions can present with a positive rheumatoid factor (RF)?
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Study Notes
Autoimmune Diseases
- Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.
- Important examples include rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Graves' disease, and myasthenia gravis.
- The exact cause of most autoimmune diseases is unknown.
- Pathogenic antibodies and immune cells (T cells) are believed to cause damage in many cases.
- Autoimmune diseases are common (estimated 8 million people affected in the US alone).
- They often affect young adults.
- Most are chronic, long-term conditions with significant personal and economic impacts.
Immune System Related Diseases
- Autoimmune diseases are a subset of immune system-related disorders.
- Hypersensitivity disorders (e.g., allergies) are also related to the immune system.
- Immunodeficiencies, where the immune system is weakened, also fall under this category.
- Cancers of the immune system, like leukemias and lymphomas, are considered neoplasia.
Some Notable Facts about Autoimmune Diseases
- Autoimmune diseases are prevalent affecting millions in the US.
- They frequently affect young adults.
- Chronic, long-term conditions with high associated costs. (e.g., 30,000/yearmedicationand30,000/year medication and 30,000/yearmedicationand30,000 loss in wages, minimum $24 billion/year cost to the US (for MS))
- Can occur spontaneously or be induced by things like drugs or infections (e.g., rabies vaccine)
- Currently, there is no cure for most autoimmune diseases, but treatments exist with possible side effects.
Current Treatments and Problems
- Glucocorticoids (e.g., Prednisolone) lead to immunosuppression and have side effects like hyperglycemia, skin atrophy, bruising, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, weight gain, glaucoma, cataracts, and euphoria/psychosis.
- Mitoxantrone, a cancer drug, causes nausea, vomiting, hair loss, immunosuppression, and cardiomyopathy
- TNF inhibitors (e.g., infliximab, adalimumab) can lead to T cell lymphomas and opportunistic infections (tuberculosis).
- Interferon beta can have flu-like symptoms.
- Rituximab (anti-CD20) may cause cardiac arrest, acute renal failure, infections, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).
- Tysabri (anti-VLA-4) and Campath (anti-CD52) are associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and in the former case, pulmonary problems.
- Fingolimod (FTY720) can induce skin cancer and hemorrhagic encephalitis.
- Treatment options exist, however, they may have undesirable side effects.
How Autoimmune Diseases Arise
- Molecular mimicry: The immune system mistakes microbial proteins for self-proteins, triggering an immune response against one's tissues. Examples include rheumatic fever and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
- Failure of regulatory mechanisms: The immune system's tolerance mechanisms fail to suppress autoreactive T or B cells. A mutation in Foxp3, for instance, causes IPEX syndrome.
- Access to "forbidden sites": Normally hidden antigens become accessible to the immune system, triggering an immune response, such as is seen in inflammation of the brain, testes, or eye.
- Genetic and environmental factors contribute to autoimmune diseases, with specific genes like HLA and environmental factors such as smoking, infections, and microbiome.
Genetic Base of Autoimmune Diseases
- HLA (MHC class II) genes are highly linked to autoimmune disorders. Specific HLA alleles are associated with particular autoimmune conditions (e.g., HLA-DR2 in multiple sclerosis, HLA-DR1 and DR4 in rheumatoid arthritis, HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 in celiac disease, DQ8, DQ2 in Type 1 diabetes)
Other Genes in Autoimmune Diseases
- AIRE (Autoimmune regulator)
- Foxp3 (affects regulatory T cells)
- Fas (involved in death receptors)
- Polymorphisms in genes like TNF or TNF receptor.
- CTLA-4
- IL-7R
Environmental Factors in Autoimmune Diseases
- Certain infections (e.g., Campylobacter jejuni, Group A Streptococcus pyogenes, EBV, Coxsackie B virus)
- Gut microbiome
- Smoking
- High-salt diets
- Obesity
Classification of Autoimmune Diseases
- Organ-specific: antibody-mediated (Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, Goodpasture's syndrome), cell-mediated (multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes).
- Systemic: systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Frequently, both antibodies and immune cells may contribute to autoimmune pathologies.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases
The provided text includes details about various autoimmune diseases including their diagnosis and, in some cases, treatment approaches. Specific details will vary between the diseases covered.
Additional Information
- The provided texts describe several autoimmune diseases, and associated information, such as pictures, case studies, and laboratory findings.
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Description
This quiz explores autoimmune diseases and their impact on health. Participants will learn about various autoimmune conditions, their causes, symptoms, and relationships with the immune system. Aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of these chronic disorders.
