Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Type 1 Diabetes Quiz

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What is the most important consequence of Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) and how does it occur?

Rheumatic heart disease, which occurs when the infection leads to damage to heart valves, either following the initial ARF or following repeated attacks of GAS infection with different M types.

What is the main characteristic of M protein that makes it a significant virulence factor of GAS?

Its high antigenicity and ability to cross-react with cardiac myofiber protein myosin and perivascular connective tissues, leading to autoimmune response.

What is the typical age range for the onset of Rheumatoid arthritis?

50-60 years old.

What is the primary mechanism of antigenic variation in M protein?

Single amino acid substitutions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between M protein epitopes and mammalian tissues?

M protein epitopes mimic those of mammalian muscle and connective tissue, leading to autoimmune response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of repeated GAS infections with different M types?

An increased risk of developing Rheumatic heart disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis?

Presence of autoantibodies Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the autoimmune response in Rheumatic fever?

Infection of Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antibody-antigen complexes in rheumatoid arthritis?

Induce inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of type 1 diabetes among all diabetes cases?

About 10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Autoantibodies contribute to the pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of type 1 diabetes?

Autoimmune response leading to selective destruction of the insulin-secreting beta cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying mechanism of Autoimmune response in Type 1 diabetes?

Failure of tolerance, releasing sequestered antigens Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of autoantibodies produced in type 1 diabetes?

Islet cell antibodies, antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase, insulin autoantibodies, and antibodies to tyrosine phosphatase Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic defect associated with Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Syndrome 1 (APS-1)?

Genetic defect in the Aire gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Rheumatic Heart Disease?

Antibody-antigen complexes inducing inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental pathogenic mechanism of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes?

Breakdown of self-tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What is the common factor associated with the development of autoimmune diseases?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying mechanism of autoimmune diseases, and how do they relate to rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes?

Autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown in self-tolerance, leading to an immune response against self-antigens, as seen in rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of citrullination and carbamylation in rheumatoid arthritis?

They are post-translational modifications that can trigger an autoimmune response, resulting in the production of autoantibodies such as ACPA and anti-CarP antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which the immune system selectively destroys insulin-secreting beta cells in type 1 diabetes?

An autoimmune response leads to the destruction of beta cells, resulting in a lack of insulin production. Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of autoantibodies contribute to the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes?

Tests for autoantibodies, such as islet cell antibodies and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, can aid in the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between self-tolerance and autoimmune diseases?

A breakdown in self-tolerance allows the immune system to recognize self-antigens as foreign, leading to an autoimmune response and the development of autoimmune diseases. Signup and view all the answers

How do autoantibodies contribute to inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis?

Autoantibodies against the Fc portion of IgG, such as rheumatoid factor, form antibody-antigen complexes that induce inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor that leads to the development of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which the immune system fails to distinguish between self and non-self, leading to autoimmune diseases?

Failures of tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What is the immunological mechanism by which Group A Streptococcus pyogenes triggers rheumatic fever?

Antibody cross-reactions between streptococcal antigens and human proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of autoreactive T cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases?

Autoreactive T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by recognizing and responding to self-antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes?

Loss of tolerance to self-antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying mechanism underlying the development of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis?

Molecular mimicry due to immune response to infectious agents Signup and view all the answers

How do the antigenic epitopes of M protein contribute to the development of autoimmune responses in Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF)?

The antigenic epitopes of M protein mimic those of mammalian muscle and connective tissue, leading to cross-reactivity and autoimmune responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of M protein in the context of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections and autoimmune diseases?

M protein is a significant virulence factor of GAS, and its antigenic variation is primarily due to single amino acid substitutions, leading to the development of autoimmune responses. Signup and view all the answers

How does the infection with different M types of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) contribute to the development of Rheumatic Heart Disease?

Reinfections with different M types of GAS lead to repeated stimulation of the immune system, causing damage to heart valves and increasing the risk of Rheumatic Heart Disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) and Rheumatic Heart Disease?

ARF is a precursor to Rheumatic Heart Disease, and the inflammation and tissue damage caused by ARF can lead to the development of Rheumatic Heart Disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis, and how does it affect the body?

Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic disease that affects multiple joints, often starting in the small joints of the hands and feet, leading to deformities and inflammation of the synovium and supporting tissues. Signup and view all the answers

How does the immune system respond to Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections, and what are the implications for autoimmune diseases?

The immune system responds to GAS infections by mounting an immune response, which can cross-react with host tissues, leading to autoimmune responses and diseases such as Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Signup and view all the answers