Autism Spectrum Disorders and Physical Therapy
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Questions and Answers

At what stage of development does the neuropathology of autism begin?

  • Toddlerhood
  • Infancy
  • Adolescence
  • Prenatal or perinatal period (correct)

    • What is the increased chance of the other twin having ASD if one identical twin has ASD?

  • 36% to 95% (correct)
  • 51% to 70%
  • 71% to 95%
  • 36% to 50%

    • What is the risk of developing ASD in a sibling if one child has ASD?

  • 20%
  • 31% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 50%

    • What is the name of the gold-standard tool used to diagnose ASDs?

    <p>Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age can the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) be administered?

    <p>12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the populations at risk for developing ASDs?

    <p>Prematurely born infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do children with autism or PDD-NOS typically present with language delays?

    <p>Between 2-3 years of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) assessment?

    <p>45 minutes to 1 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common tonal abnormality observed in children with ASDs?

    <p>Hypotonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to identify cognitive impairments in children with ASDs?

    <p>To develop a customized therapy plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of structuring the physical therapy treatment sessions for children with ASDs?

    <p>To prioritize goals based on the child's and family's highest need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can clinicians ensure that children with ASDs understand and comply with instructions?

    <p>By using picture schedules and breaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of identifying sensory modulation impairments in children with ASDs?

    <p>To affect the child's engagement in the intervention plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to remove or cover distractors in the room during physical therapy sessions?

    <p>To limit distractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of identifying key motor impairments in children with ASDs?

    <p>To plan for comprehensive activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of using visual models and hand-on-hand instruction in physical therapy sessions?

    <p>To ensure the child understands and complies with instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using group activities when teaching a child with autism?

    <p>It reduces the child's anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to determine what works best for the child?

    <p>To cater to the child's individual needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do before giving instructions to the child?

    <p>Make sure the child is attending to you</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if the child doesn't move correctly after the instruction?

    <p>Provide hand-on-hand feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to allow for free movement and improvisational activities?

    <p>To encourage the child to explore and problem-solve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of waiting after providing initial instructions?

    <p>It enables the child to explore spontaneously and actively problem-solve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to allow the child to choose a theme or activity?

    <p>To provide an opportunity for the child to take ownership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using external props in an activity?

    <p>To clarify the goals of the activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a picture schedule or verbal commands?

    <p>To promote transitions and help the child keep track of the session</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when varying the routine of a child?

    <p>Start with small changes and be sensitive to their effects on the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important for motor learning and should be encouraged within and across sessions?

    <p>Repetition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can facilitate generalization to a different space and a different caregiver?

    <p>Practicing the same activities between sessions with different caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can be used as models for the child?

    <p>Peers, paraprofessionals, caregivers, or the physical therapist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of putting up a rules sheet or listing of activities?

    <p>To describe the expectations from the child and the structure of the sessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be used to communicate with a nonverbal child?

    <p>Sign language, gestural communication, visual picture schedules, and short verbal commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is repetition important?

    <p>It is important for motor learning and should be encouraged within and across sessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common motor stereotypy exhibited by children with autism?

    <p>Whole body rocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do children with ASDs cover their eyes or ears?

    <p>Because they are 'overresponsive' to certain visual and auditory inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of walking patterns in children with ASDs?

    <p>Ataxic and parkinsonian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common impairment in children with ASDs during functional activities?

    <p>Coordination impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a core social impairment in autism?

    <p>Poor use of hand and body gestures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common finding in children with ASDs during standardized motor measures?

    <p>Impairments in running speed and agility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children with ASDs in terms of strength and tone?

    <p>Poor hand muscle strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a finding in infants who later developed ASDs?

    <p>Presence of abnormal reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs)

    • ASDs are a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted behaviors and interests.
    • Most children with ASDs also have significant perceptuo-motor impairments that require assessment and intervention.

    Etiology and Risk Factors

    • The neuropathology of autism begins during the prenatal or perinatal period of development.
    • Genetics is a risk factor, with twin studies showing a 36%-95% chance of ASD in one identical twin if the other has ASD.
    • Other risk factors include premature birth, older parents, and exposure to certain medications during gestation.

    Diagnosis and Prognosis

    • Children with ASDs typically present with language delays between 2-3 years of age.
    • Trained clinicians use the Autism Observation Schedule (ADOS) to diagnose ASDs, which evaluates social reciprocity, communication, and stereotypical behaviors.
    • The ADOS can be administered to individuals from 12 months to adulthood.

    Impairments

    • Motor impairments in ASDs include:
      • Motor stereotypies (e.g., repetitive behaviors, object-related behaviors)
      • Sensory overresponsiveness (e.g., covering eyes or ears)
      • Resistance to change and compulsive behaviors
      • Impaired motor coordination and arm function
      • Poor use of hand and body gestures
    • Gait and balance impairments in ASDs include:
      • Ataxic or parkinsonian walking patterns
      • Toe-walking
      • Impaired static and dynamic balance
    • Strength and tone impairments in ASDs include:
      • Poor hand muscle strength
      • Abnormal reflexes
      • Hypotonia (especially in school-age children)

    Evaluation and Synthesis

    • Convey evaluation instructions in a manner the child can comprehend (e.g., using picture schedules, simplifying verbal commands)
    • Identify cognitive impairments that affect motor activities (e.g., focus, hyperactivity, intellectual level)
    • Identify sensory modulation impairments that affect engagement
    • Identify key motor impairments and prioritize goals based on the child's and family's needs

    Structuring Physical Therapy Treatment Sessions

    • Principles for structuring physical therapy treatment sessions include:
      • Structuring the environment (e.g., using just the right amount of space, limiting materials)
      • Using various means of communication (e.g., verbal instructions, sign language, visual picture schedules)
      • Repetition and practice (e.g., within and across sessions, with caregivers)
      • Prompting and modeling (e.g., using peers, paraprofessionals, or caregivers to model actions)
      • Active engagement (e.g., allowing for free movement and improvisational activities)

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    Description

    This quiz covers autism spectrum disorders, their symptoms, and the role of physical therapy in assessments and interventions for children with ASDs.

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