Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Interventions
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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated prevalence of ASD worldwide?

  • 1 per 124
  • 1 per 68 (correct)
  • 1 per 500
  • 1 per 257

    • What is the most likely reason for the rise in prevalence of ASD?

  • More harmful vaccines administered
  • Stricter guidelines for diagnosis (correct)
  • Greater recognition of milder forms of ASD
  • Increase in mercury in the diet

    • Which statement about gender differences in ASD is true?

  • ASD is more common in girls
  • ASD is equally common in boys and girls
  • ASD is more common in boys, except among those with profound ID, where the numbers of boys and girls are similar (correct)
  • ASD is more common in boys

    • According to the extreme male brain theory of ASD, what is characteristic of autistic brains?

    <p>Autistic brains are more 'systemizing'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do the deficits of ASD become increasingly noticeable?

    <p>Around 2 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which racial/ethnic group has the highest prevalence of ASD?

    <p>Non-Hispanic white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two strongest predictors of adult outcomes in children with ASD?

    <p>Intellectual ability and language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of spontaneous social conversation in individuals with ASD?

    <p>Impaired social conversation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend screening children for ASD?

    <p>18 months and 24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic condition is most associated with ASD?

    <p>Tuberous sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Family members of children with ASD are more likely to exhibit higher rates of:

    <p>Language deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some parents attribute the increase in ASD cases to the presence of:

    <p>Mercury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Studies of brain metabolism in individuals with ASD suggest decreased blood flow in the:

    <p>Frontal and temporal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A step-by-step approach to teaching vocalizations, imitation, and verbal requests is known as:

    <p>Operant speech training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a step-by-step approach to presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response?

    <p>Discrete trial training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of training strengthens behaviors by capitalizing on naturally occurring opportunities?

    <p>Incidental training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age by which most children can comprehend what others might know, think, and believe?

    <p>4 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible early indicator of ASD, as detected in infant siblings of children with ASD?

    <p>Rarely making eye contact when interacting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children with ASD in terms of their performance on the WISC test?

    <p>Uneven performance across different subtests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the theory of mind hypothesis in ASD?

    <p>The ability to read the intentions of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children with intellectual disability in terms of their performance on the WISC test?

    <p>General delay across all areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible indicator of ASD in infants, as detected by their first birthday?

    <p>Limited babbling, particularly in a social context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between children with ASD and those with language delays?

    <p>Children with ASD exhibit features of atypical development that are less severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals with ASD, according to the theory of mind hypothesis?

    <p>They have difficulty reading the intentions of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the promise of early intervention with ASD?

    <p>The plasticity of neural systems early in development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an effective intervention for children with ASD?

    <p>Removing children from their homes and placing them in more structured settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of psychotropic medications for children with ASD?

    <p>The benefits vary from child to child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for when an individual with ASD is unable to play with a toy while listening to a social partner?

    <p>Joint attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a highly structured intervention for children with ASD?

    <p>Uses predictable routines, visual activity schedules, and clear physical boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of early diagnosis and intervention for ASD?

    <p>To promote optimal brain development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the effectiveness of early intervention for ASD?

    <p>The age of the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for monitoring a child's progress in ASD intervention?

    <p>To make adjustments in treatment as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of medication treatment for children with schizophrenia?

    <p>To diminish psychotic symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of speech in children with ASD who have developed some useful language?

    <p>Lack of spontaneity and unusual forms of communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of ASD as a 'spectrum' disorder?

    <p>Its symptoms and characteristics are expressed in many different combinations and degrees of severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common comorbid disorder with ASD?

    <p>Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of combining medications with behavior analysis in treating child-onset schizophrenia?

    <p>To control psychotic symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a core feature of ASD?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do medications help control psychotic symptoms in children with schizophrenia?

    <p>By blocking dopamine transmission at the D2 dopamine receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge in language development for children with ASD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children with childhood-onset schizophrenia tend to have which characteristic compared to children with ASD?

    <p>More severe intellectual impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common presenting symptom for children with childhood-onset schizophrenia?

    <p>Auditory hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about childhood-onset schizophrenia is false?

    <p>Childhood-onset schizophrenia typically has a gradual onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of current views regarding the causes of schizophrenia?

    <p>Genetic vulnerability and early neurodevelopmental insults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is schizophrenia extremely rare prior to?

    <p>Adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which co-morbid disorder is commonly associated with childhood-onset schizophrenia?

    <p>Conduct disorder and depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of discrete trial training?

    <p>A step-by-step approach to presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the theory of mind hypothesis in ASD?

    <p>Difficulty understanding other people's thoughts and beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of initial symptoms in children with Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia (COS)?

    <p>Difficulty concentrating, sleeping, or doing schoolwork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the development of COS, according to the neurodevelopmental model?

    <p>Genetic vulnerability and environmental stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between children with ASD and those with developmental delay or language impairment?

    <p>Early communicative gestures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core idea behind the extreme male brain theory of ASD?

    <p>Individuals with ASD have an extreme imbalance of systemizing and empathizing abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome for children with COS who experience periods of improvement?

    <p>Relapses characterized by disordered thinking and hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to adjust diagnostic criteria for COS in children?

    <p>To account for developmental changes and childhood themes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of children with ASD who have a fragile-X anomaly?

    <p>2% to 3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common comorbid disorder with ASD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of COS in children compared to adult-onset schizophrenia?

    <p>Less complex and more reflective of childhood themes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of molecular genetics research in ASD?

    <p>To identify susceptibility genes for ASD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of diagnosing COS in children?

    <p>To develop a more effective treatment plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential challenge in diagnosing COS in children?

    <p>Difficulty in distinguishing COS from other childhood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range at which children with ASD typically differ from typically developing children on most indicators?

    <p>12 to 24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the finding that 15% to 20% of siblings of individuals with ASD also have the disorder?

    <p>It suggests a genetic link to ASD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between vulnerability and stress in the development of COS?

    <p>Stress can trigger COS in individuals with genetic vulnerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the disorders that are commonly associated with ASD, such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, and anxiety disorders?

    <p>Comorbid disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of combining medications with behavior analysis in treating child-onset schizophrenia?

    <p>To diminish psychotic symptoms and promote behavior modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of speech in children with ASD who have developed some useful language?

    <p>Lack of spontaneity and unusual forms of communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a core feature of ASD?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do medications help control psychotic symptoms in children with schizophrenia?

    <p>By blocking dopamine transmission at the D2 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of ASD as a 'spectrum' disorder?

    <p>Its symptoms, abilities, and characteristics are expressed in many different combinations and degrees of severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge in language development for children with ASD?

    <p>Lack of spontaneity and unusual forms of communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common comorbid disorder with ASD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of early diagnosis and intervention for ASD?

    <p>To promote better outcomes and improve quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'early infantile autism' literally mean?

    <p>within oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was attributed to the autistic child's behaviors in early theories about autism?

    <p>the parent's wish that the child should not exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for a DSM-5 diagnosis of ASD?

    <p>one overarching category</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children with ASD in terms of social skills?

    <p>profound difficulties relating to others, even when they have average or above-average intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a deficit in recognizing facial expressions a characteristic of?

    <p>ASD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is joint attention?

    <p>the ability to share attention with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about ASD?

    <p>ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of early diagnosis and intervention for ASD?

    <p>to improve outcomes for children with ASD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

    • The promise of early intervention in ASD derives primarily from the plasticity of neural systems early in development.
    • Intensive engagement, at least 25 hours a week, is considered an effective intervention for children with ASD.
    • Beginning intervention as soon as an ASD diagnosis is seriously considered is also an effective approach.
    • Monitoring the child’s progress and making adjustments in treatment as needed is essential.

    Characteristics of ASD

    • ASD is a spectrum disorder, meaning its symptoms, abilities, and characteristics are expressed in many different combinations and in any degree of severity.
    • The core features of ASD are represented by two symptom domains: social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
    • Children with ASD may exhibit joint attention difficulties, characterized by an inability to play with a toy while listening to a social partner.
    • Features of atypical development, such as limited babbling, rare eye contact, and odd or repetitive ways of moving hands, may be early indicators of ASD.

    Interventions and Treatments

    • Psychotropic medications may be used to alleviate specific behavioral symptoms in children with ASD, but their benefits vary from child to child.
    • Structured interventions, such as those using predictable routines, visual activity schedules, and clear physical boundaries, can be effective.
    • Discrete trial training, a step-by-step approach to presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response, is used in the treatment of ASD.
    • Incidental training, which strengthens behaviors by capitalizing on naturally occurring opportunities, can be an effective approach.

    Diagnosis and Prevalence

    • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends screening children for ASD at 18 months and 24 months.
    • ASD is more commonly associated with Tuberous sclerosis than any other genetically based condition.
    • Family members of children with ASD display higher than normal rates of language deficits.
    • Recent findings estimate the prevalence of ASD worldwide to be approximately 1 per 68.

    Other Conditions

    • Children with intellectual disability (ID) without ASD show a general delay across all areas of intellectual functioning, whereas children with ASD tend to have uneven performance across different areas.
    • Children with ASD are distinguishable from children with language delays, who exhibit features of atypical development that are less severe.
    • Schizophrenia in children may be treated with medications in combination with behavior analysis to diminish psychotic symptoms.

    Schizophrenia in Children

    • Schizophrenia in children is extremely rare and difficult to diagnose before the age of 7
    • When it does occur, it may be less complex and reflect childhood themes
    • A failure to adjust diagnostic criteria for developmental changes may overlook children who show early signs of schizophrenia

    Initial Symptoms of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia (COS)

    • Difficulty concentrating, sleeping, or doing schoolwork
    • Avoiding friends
    • Speaking incoherently
    • Seeing or hearing things that no one else can see or hear
    • Periods of improvement can occur simultaneously with relapses characterized by disordered thinking, hallucinations, paranoia, and delusions

    Connection between Vulnerability and Stress in COS

    • Genetic vulnerability and early neurodevelopmental insults result in impaired connections between many brain regions
    • Impaired neural circuitry may increase the child's vulnerability to stress

    Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

    • ASD is a spectrum disorder because its symptoms, abilities, and characteristics are expressed in many different combinations and in any degree of severity
    • Core features of ASD: social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

    Characteristics of Speech in Children with ASD

    • Lack of spontaneity
    • Qualitatively unusual forms of communication
    • Unusual rhythm and intonation
    • Lack of social chatter

    History of ASD

    • Leo Kanner used the term "early infantile autism," which literally means "within oneself"
    • Early theories about autism attributed the autistic child's behaviors to the parent's wish that the child should not exist

    Diagnosis of ASD

    • A DSM-5 diagnosis of ASD will be based on one overarching category
    • ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder

    Social Skills of Children with ASD

    • Children with ASD experience profound difficulties relating to others, even when they have average or above-average intelligence

    Facial Recognition Deficits

    • Children with ASD have deficits in recognizing facial expressions

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    Quiz on effective interventions for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), including early intervention and its benefits.

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