Autism and ADHD Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does autism not classify as?

  • A developmental condition
  • An illness (correct)
  • A cognitive disorder
  • A neurological disease

    • Who first described the features of autism in children?

  • Lorna Wing
  • David Daniel Nicholas Beath
  • Uta Frith
  • Dr Leo Kanner (correct)

    • In which year was the term 'Asperger's Syndrome' coined?

  • 1944
  • 1981 (correct)
  • 1991
  • 2000

    • What is a common misconception about autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

    <p>It requires cure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Dr Hans Asperger focus on in his research?

    <p>The emotional disturbances in children with autism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for adults diagnosed with certain conditions discussed?

    <p>Most require daily support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is primarily used for diagnosing the discussed conditions?

    <p>Structured interviews with parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes emotional dysregulation as mentioned?

    <p>Extreme and intense emotional reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults considered 'able' do not live independently?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sensory sensitivity is noted in the document?

    <p>Difficulties tuning out background noises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which century saw the first official definition of ADHD being recognized?

    <p>Late 20th Century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the earliest description of ADHD-like behaviors?

    <p>Melchior Adam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What amendment transformed 'Abnormal psychical conditions' in children to a more recognized term?

    <p>Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual's work in the Royal Society of Physicians contributed to the understanding of ADHD?

    <p>Sir George Still</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which time period were ADHD symptoms in adults notably harder to define?

    <p>20th Century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What redefinition includes both the term ADD and ADHD?

    <p>Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological condition was referenced in the 18th century work by Melchior Adam?

    <p>ADHD-like behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term was used before ADHD was officially defined in the late 20th century?

    <p>Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is considered the first-line drug treatment for adults with ADHD?

    <p>Methylphenidate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situations is drug treatment not indicated as the first-line option for school-age children with ADHD?

    <p>Slight symptoms with no impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done for adults with ADHD who also have drug or alcohol addiction disorders?

    <p>Close liaison with an addiction specialist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if methylphenidate proves ineffective for an adult with ADHD?

    <p>Try atomoxetine or dexamfetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is NOT recommended for treating ADHD in adults?

    <p>Psychological interventions only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered when reserving drug treatment for school-age children and young people with ADHD?

    <p>Severe symptoms and impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a psychological intervention that may be considered for adults with moderate impairment?

    <p>Social skills training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pharmacological treatments is NOT typically considered for ADHD in adults?

    <p>Antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of attention deficit disorder (ADD) in comparison to ADHD?

    <p>Symptoms may not always be obvious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following circuits is NOT associated with global cognitive effect?

    <p>Occipital circuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary method for diagnosing ADHD?

    <p>Assessment through parent and teacher reports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment is used for managing ADHD symptoms?

    <p>Stimulant drugs and cognitive-behavioral therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the symptoms of ADHD?

    <p>Many individuals with ADHD have issues with both inattention and hyperactivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a core symptom tested in ADHD diagnosis?

    <p>Aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason girls may be underdiagnosed for ADHD?

    <p>Their symptoms are often less disruptive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for maintaining attention in children with ADHD when using stimulant drugs?

    <p>Increased stimulation to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach is recommended for complex cases of autism?

    <p>Antipsychotics may be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Level 1 intervention in autism treatment?

    <p>Boost communication skills through therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is emphasized for children and young individuals with autism?

    <p>Psychosocial interventions focusing on play-based strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention at Level 3 focuses on ensuring a person's basic needs are met?

    <p>Routine care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the recommendations for supporting individuals with autism in school or work environments?

    <p>Developing living skills to build confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be included in an intervention for independent living skills at Level 3?

    <p>Support for basic needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of devices are used with alternative communication strategies?

    <p>Augmentative and alternative communication devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention aims to assist with verbal communication in children with autism?

    <p>Speech therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

    • ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity
    • Symptoms present in early childhood and are more frequent than is typical in individuals of a comparable level of development
    • Affects behaviour, leading to restlessness and trouble concentrating
    • Starts in early childhood, usually before age 7

    History of ADHD

    • 18th Century: Melchior Adam Weikard (German) described ADHD-like behaviours in a book
    • Early 20th Century: Formal recognition of ADHD as 'abnormal psychical conditions in children' and linked to Sir George Still
    • Late 20th Century: First official definition of 'Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood' and subsequent amendments to Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD) and then Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

    ADHD and Age

    • Adult symptoms of ADHD are often subtle, and the condition differs with changes in a person's maturity and the circumstances surrounding them
    • Hyperactivity tends to decrease with age, but inattention may persist, though attention span usually improves with time

    Aetiology of ADHD

    • No single cause is known
    • Likely complex interplay of genetic, brain, and environmental/social factors
    • Genetic factors: ADHD can run in families, suggesting a genetic component
    • Brain function: Research indicates potential differences in brain structure and function, possibly including smaller brain areas, in people with ADHD
    • Environmental/Social factors: Exposure to toxins (e.g., lead), substance use during pregnancy, or other environmental factors might contribute

    Pathophysiology

    • Involves global cognitive effects, and particular focus on frontoparietal, dorsal frontal parietal, and mesocorticolimbic circuits
    • Impact on inhibition, such as inability to inhibit prepotent responses, interrupting ongoing behaviours, and difficulty controlling interference

    Symptoms and Diagnosis

    • Characterized by inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms
    • DSM-5 defines the criteria for diagnosis
    • Involves thorough assessment methods, including parent/teacher reports, observation, and questionnaires to determine the presence and severity of symptoms in specific situations

    ADHD Subtypes

    • Primarily inattentive type
    • Primarily hyperactive-impulsive type
    • Combined type

    Treatment

    • No cure exists
    • Management focuses on managing symptoms through various methods, including medication (often stimulants), therapies (e.g., CBT), and support strategies
    • Pharmacological treatment: Stimulant drugs (e.g., methylphenidate) and non-stimulant drugs (e.g., atomoxetine) are commonly used
    • Non-pharmacological approach: Psychological therapies, like cognitive behavioral therapy, can be effective
    • Intervention is a multi-disciplinary approach, considering various methods and tailoring the intervention to the needs of the patient and the specific circumstances

    ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

    • A neurodevelopmental condition affecting communication and social interaction
    • Present from early childhood, but not always diagnosed until later
    • Heterogeneous with variations in phenotypes, related factors, and developmental patterns

    Background of ASD

    • Defined as a lifelong developmental disability
    • Impacts how a person experiences and interacts socially with the world
    • Co-occurring conditions like ADHD, epilepsy, dyslexia and mental health problems are common

    ASD and Cognition

    • Autism is not an illness or disease; rather it involves a different way of functioning
    • Cognitive and intelligence levels are highly variable, ranging from intellectual disability to superior

    Prevalence of ASD

    • Approximately 1 in 100 children have autism
    • High prevalence, but many adult cases remain undiagnosed
    • Ratio of males to females is approximately 4:1

    Aetiology of ASD

    • Genetic factors have a significant role, with 75-93% heritability
    • Environmental factors like prenatal exposures to toxins (e.g. lead), maternal infections, and maternal use of particular medications may play a role

    Symptoms of ASD

    • Difficulties with social communication (e.g., poor eye contact, difficulties understanding social cues)
    • Repetitive patterns of behaviour (e.g., rigid routines, obsessive interests)
    • Sensory sensitivities and interests
    • Possible emotional dysregulation and motor mannerisms
    • Symptoms can vary from mild to severe, which influences the need for support in daily life situations

    Diagnosis of ASD

    • Diagnosis is not determined by a blood test or any one objective medical examination
    • Based on an assessment of developmental history, observations, and questionnaires
    • Professionals use various tools like the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)

    Treatment of ASD

    • Treatment approaches focus on supporting social communication and behaviour patterns, plus any co-existing disorders
    • Non-pharmacological interventions are often considered first, including therapies to help adjust behaviours and understanding
    • Medication might be introduced in complex cases - this needs to be a tailored and holistic approach

    Levels of ASD

    • ASD is categorized into distinct levels, each having different needs and degree of support in daily life
    • Levels 1, 2, and 3 vary in the level of support required for social interaction

    Interventions of ASD

    • Interventions address the core features, focusing on communication, and social interaction, using methods like play-based strategies, and addressing developmental level needs
    • Supports individuals and those around them with techniques like speech therapy and behavioural therapies

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on autism and ADHD with this engaging quiz. Explore key concepts, historical figures, and common misconceptions surrounding these conditions. Challenge your understanding of emotional dysregulation and diagnosis methods in relation to autism spectrum disorder and ADHD.

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