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Questions and Answers
Which type of storage device can only read data and cannot write?
Which type of storage device can only read data and cannot write?
What is the primary storage capacity of a standard 3.5" floppy disk?
What is the primary storage capacity of a standard 3.5" floppy disk?
Which technology is used to store data on a magnetic disk?
Which technology is used to store data on a magnetic disk?
What do you call the smallest unit of data that can be stored in a sector on a disk?
What do you call the smallest unit of data that can be stored in a sector on a disk?
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In a typical hard disk configuration, how many surfaces are there if the disk pack has 4 plates?
In a typical hard disk configuration, how many surfaces are there if the disk pack has 4 plates?
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What is the organizational structure of data on a floppy disk?
What is the organizational structure of data on a floppy disk?
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Which component is responsible for the rotation of disks in a disk drive?
Which component is responsible for the rotation of disks in a disk drive?
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What is the primary purpose of magnetic tape in computer systems?
What is the primary purpose of magnetic tape in computer systems?
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What is the primary function of a disk controller in a disk drive setup?
What is the primary function of a disk controller in a disk drive setup?
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How many magnetic heads does a standard magnetic tape drive have to write and read information?
How many magnetic heads does a standard magnetic tape drive have to write and read information?
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What is the standard width of magnetic tape commonly used in drives?
What is the standard width of magnetic tape commonly used in drives?
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What does the ninth track on a magnetic tape record?
What does the ninth track on a magnetic tape record?
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How is data retrieved from a magnetic tape?
How is data retrieved from a magnetic tape?
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What is the typical storage capacity of a single CD-ROM?
What is the typical storage capacity of a single CD-ROM?
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What is one advantage of using CD-ROM for data storage compared to floppy disks?
What is one advantage of using CD-ROM for data storage compared to floppy disks?
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What method is used to indicate the beginning and end of a magnetic tape?
What method is used to indicate the beginning and end of a magnetic tape?
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What is the primary function of the Control Unit?
What is the primary function of the Control Unit?
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In which register are the results produced by the system stored?
In which register are the results produced by the system stored?
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What is the purpose of Cache Memory?
What is the purpose of Cache Memory?
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Which of the following describes Level 1 (L1) Cache?
Which of the following describes Level 1 (L1) Cache?
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How is Level 2 (L2) Cache typically configured?
How is Level 2 (L2) Cache typically configured?
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What is the function of the I/O Buffer Register?
What is the function of the I/O Buffer Register?
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Which characteristic is true of Cache Memory?
Which characteristic is true of Cache Memory?
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Which register is responsible for holding the address of a memory location?
Which register is responsible for holding the address of a memory location?
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Which category does database management systems (DBMS) belong to?
Which category does database management systems (DBMS) belong to?
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What is one of the primary functions of communication software?
What is one of the primary functions of communication software?
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Which of these is NOT an example of system software?
Which of these is NOT an example of system software?
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What is a key characteristic of system software?
What is a key characteristic of system software?
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Which of the following is a popular example of a DBMS?
Which of the following is a popular example of a DBMS?
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What does system software primarily provide to the user?
What does system software primarily provide to the user?
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Which software category includes email and messaging applications?
Which software category includes email and messaging applications?
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What role does low-level programming play in system software?
What role does low-level programming play in system software?
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Which of the following best describes the primary function of a firewall?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of a firewall?
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What key factors should be considered when choosing a network topology?
What key factors should be considered when choosing a network topology?
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Which of the following tasks is NOT associated with effective network topology management?
Which of the following tasks is NOT associated with effective network topology management?
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How can network topology be best illustrated, according to the provided content?
How can network topology be best illustrated, according to the provided content?
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Why is it important to make company news and policies readily available to employees?
Why is it important to make company news and policies readily available to employees?
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What is the primary purpose of using a VPN?
What is the primary purpose of using a VPN?
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Which device is commonly used to connect multiple network devices in a LAN?
Which device is commonly used to connect multiple network devices in a LAN?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of LANs?
Which of the following is a characteristic of LANs?
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What is the expected data transmission rate of a standard LAN?
What is the expected data transmission rate of a standard LAN?
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Which networking component is essential for establishing a wired LAN?
Which networking component is essential for establishing a wired LAN?
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What is one of the advantages of using a LAN?
What is one of the advantages of using a LAN?
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Which type of cable is most commonly used for wired LAN setups?
Which type of cable is most commonly used for wired LAN setups?
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What type of network is a WLAN?
What type of network is a WLAN?
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Study Notes
Principles of Information Technology - Syllabus
- Unit I: Information Technology Introduction - Information systems definition of computer and system - Software and Data - IT in business, industry, home, and play, education, entertainment, global positioning system (GPS) (pages 1-15)
- Unit II: Introduction to Computers - History of computers - Types of computers - Characteristics of computers - Basic Anatomy of a computer - Applications of computer - Memory - Memory types (pages 16-42)
- Unit III: Software - Kinds of software - Types of Applications software (Word processing, spreadsheets, database software, presentation graphics software, communication software) - System Software - Operating System functions (pages 43-62)
- Unit IV: Computer Networks - Introduction - Definition - Types of networks (Local area network (LAN), Metropolitan area network (MAN), Wide area network (WAN), Personal area network (PAN), Internet, Intranet, firewalls, Network Topology (Bus, Ring, Hybrid, Star) (pages 63-82)
- Unit V: Basic Internet Concepts - Analog and Digital Signals - Modems and Communication Software (Types of Modems, Communication Software) - ISDN Lines and Cable Modems - Definition of Internet - The World Wide Web - Connecting to the Internet - Browsing the Web - Web Browser - Uniform Resource Locator (URL) - E-mail communication (pages 83-116)
- Unit VI: Internet Address - Domain Name System (DNS) - Locating Information on the net - Internet Search Engines - Online Chatting - Messaging - Internet Relay Chat (IRC) - Social Networking - Micro Blogging - Forums - Blogs - Telnet - Usenet Newsgroup (pages 117-130)
Introduction to Information Technology
- Information Technology (IT): The use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data or information. Usually in business contexts.
- Information System (IS): A set of interrelated components collecting, manipulating, storing, and disseminating information to monitor performance. A formal sociotechnical, organizational system designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information.
- Computer System: A set of integrated devices that input, output, process, and store data and information.
- Input, Processing, Storage, Output, and Communication Devices: Main hardware components of a computer system.
Fundamentals of Computers
- Computer: An electronic device operating under instruction controlled storage in its own memory, accepting data (input), processing the data, producing information (output), and storing the information for future use.
- Hardware: Physical parts of the computer (wires, transistors, circuits, hard disks, etc.)
- Software: Programs and data used by the computer to operate.
Generations of Computers
- First Generation (1946-1959): Used vacuum tubes as basic components, relying on batch operating systems and punch cards. (ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVACI, IBM-701, IBM-650)
- Second Generation (1959-1965): Introduced transistors, making computers smaller, cheaper, and more efficient. Used magnetic cores for primary memory and magnetic discs/tapes for secondary storage.
- Third Generation (1971-1980): Used integrated circuits (ICs) and remote processing, time-sharing, and multiprogramming.
- Fourth Generation (1971-1980): Highly affordable and efficient Large-Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits
- Fifth Generation (1980-present): Used Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) circuits, parallel processing and artificial intelligence (AI) software.
Characteristics of Computers
- Speed: Extremely fast processing of data (millions of instructions per second).
- Accuracy: Performs calculations with high accuracy (theoretically 100%). Errors can occur because of data inconsistency or inaccuracy.
- Diligence: Repeated tasks with the same consistency and accuracy without fatigue.
- Versatility: Perform different kinds of tasks with the same speed and accuracy
- Reliability: Produces consistent results for the same input.
- Automation: Tasks performed automatically without manual intervention.
- Memory: Stores data, programs and results of processing.
Applications of Computers
- Education: Online classes, online examinations, referring e-books, online tutoring.
- Business: Real-time transaction processing (supplier-customer, employer-employee transactions. Analyzing investments, sales, expenses, and markets.
- Banking: Storing customer data, conducting transactions such as withdrawals, deposits (through ATMs), and other banking functions.
- Health Care: Database of patient information, monitoring patient details, diagnosis, X-rays, robotic surgeries, training purposes monitoring the fetus inside the mom's womb.
- Marketing: Using computers for advertisements, presentations, art and graphics, to monitor the effectiveness of marketing campaigns.
Computer Memory and Its Types
- Primary Memory (RAM): Volatile memory storing data and instructions currently used by the CPU. It loses data when the computer is turned off.
- Secondary Memory (storage): Nonvolatile memory storing data permanently, for example a hard drive)
- Read-Only Memory (ROM): Nonvolatile memory containing permanent data and instructions preloaded during manufacturing
- Cache Memory: A fast, small memory between the CPU and RAM used to speed up data access.
Types Of Computers
- Microcomputer: A single-user computer (laptops, desktops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, tablets)
- Mini-computer: Multi-user computers (small businesses, company departments)
- Mainframe Computer: Multi-user computers (thousands of users) (banks, universities, insurance companies, etc)
- Super Computer: Fastest and most expensive computers capable of supporting millions of instructions per second. Used for scientific applications and tasks.
- Workstation: Single-user computers but more powerful processors and monitors. Used for specialized applications like desktop publishing, software application development, and engineering design.
Computer Networks
- Network: A group of interconnected computers and peripherals to share information and resources
- Types of networks: Local area network (LAN), Metropolitan area network (MAN), and Wide area network (WAN)
- Network Topology: How computers and resources are physically arranged in a network. (Star, Bus, Ring, Hybrid).
Basic Internet Concepts
- Analog Signals: Continuous signals representing physical measurements over time.
- Digital Signals: Discrete signals using 0s and 1s to represent information. Digital is more reliable.
- Modems: Devices converting digital signals into analog signals to transmit information over analog lines (telephone, coax cables etc.)
- Internet: A global network of billions of computers.
- World Wide Web (WWW): A vast collection of multimedia information on the Internet (text, images, video, etc.) accessed using web servers.
- URL: Uniform Resource Locator - an address for resources on the web (e.g., pages, files, etc.)
- Email (Electronic Mail): A method of message exchange between people using computers.
Internet Addresses and Services
- Domain Name System (DNS): Translates human-readable names (e.g., google.com) into numerical IP addresses that computers understand.
- Internet Search Engine: Web services indexing web pages to find information (e.g., Google, Bing, Yahoo)
- Chatting and Conferencing (e.g., IRC): For real-time text-based communication.
- Social Networking (e.g., Facebook, Twitter): For networking and information-sharing.
- Micro-blogging (e.g., Twitter, Tumblr): For short posts and updates
- Internet Forums: Discussion boards for online topic-specific discussions
- Blogs: Web-log sites for archiving and sharing ideas.
- Telnet: To log into remote computers as though a user were physically present at the computer's location.
- Usenet Newsgroups: A system of online forums with bulletin board-style discussion
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