Podcast
Questions and Answers
What primarily causes congenital hearing loss?
What primarily causes congenital hearing loss?
- Environmental factors during development
- Infections after birth
- Genetic mutations and developmental insults (correct)
- Noise exposure in early childhood
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of acquired hearing loss?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of acquired hearing loss?
- Loss of high frequency hearing occurs first
- Caused by noisy induced hearing loss
- Destruction of hair cells at the cochlear base
- It is always bilateral and symmetric (correct)
What occurs with aging-related hearing loss?
What occurs with aging-related hearing loss?
- It leads to complete deafness
- Progressive bilateral and symmetric sensorineural hearing loss (correct)
- First loss of low frequency hearing
- Only affects one ear at a time
What will unilateral lesions above the cochlear nuclei most likely affect?
What will unilateral lesions above the cochlear nuclei most likely affect?
How do the Rinne Test and Weber Test differentiate types of hearing loss?
How do the Rinne Test and Weber Test differentiate types of hearing loss?
What type of hearing loss occurs first when there is damage to the stereociliated cells in the Organ of Corti?
What type of hearing loss occurs first when there is damage to the stereociliated cells in the Organ of Corti?
Which location of lesions can cause ipsilateral hearing loss?
Which location of lesions can cause ipsilateral hearing loss?
What is a common outcome of unilateral lesions above the cochlear nuclei?
What is a common outcome of unilateral lesions above the cochlear nuclei?
What structure assists in compensatory eye movements to maintain stable gaze?
What structure assists in compensatory eye movements to maintain stable gaze?
Which of the following vestibular nuclei is responsible for projecting to the spinal cord?
Which of the following vestibular nuclei is responsible for projecting to the spinal cord?
Where do the ascending projections from vestibular nuclei travel to provide head position awareness?
Where do the ascending projections from vestibular nuclei travel to provide head position awareness?
Which cranial nerves are associated with the reflexive eye corrections involved in the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
Which cranial nerves are associated with the reflexive eye corrections involved in the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
What type of tracts do descending projections from vestibular nuclei form?
What type of tracts do descending projections from vestibular nuclei form?
Which area of the cortex is particularly associated with vestibular processing?
Which area of the cortex is particularly associated with vestibular processing?
What is the primary function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
What is the primary function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
Which nuclei's axons terminate in cortical areas adjacent to the somatosensory cortex?
Which nuclei's axons terminate in cortical areas adjacent to the somatosensory cortex?
Which pathway do a few vestibular nuclei neurons travel through to synapse in the cerebellar cortex?
Which pathway do a few vestibular nuclei neurons travel through to synapse in the cerebellar cortex?
The reflexive eye movements triggered by head motion are known as what?
The reflexive eye movements triggered by head motion are known as what?
What are tip links primarily responsible for in the vestibular system?
What are tip links primarily responsible for in the vestibular system?
Which of the following describes the role of the utricle and saccule in the vestibular system?
Which of the following describes the role of the utricle and saccule in the vestibular system?
What is the primary difference between endolymph and perilymph?
What is the primary difference between endolymph and perilymph?
What happens to the vestibular neurons when the stereocilia bend towards the kinocilium?
What happens to the vestibular neurons when the stereocilia bend towards the kinocilium?
Which part of the vestibular labyrinth helps in understanding the position of the body with respect to gravity?
Which part of the vestibular labyrinth helps in understanding the position of the body with respect to gravity?
What type of motion do the semicircular canals primarily detect?
What type of motion do the semicircular canals primarily detect?
Where are higher sound frequencies primarily detected in the cochlea?
Where are higher sound frequencies primarily detected in the cochlea?
What is contained within the outer bony labyrinth of the vestibular system?
What is contained within the outer bony labyrinth of the vestibular system?
Which structure do auditory axons ascend through after synapsing in the superior olivary nucleus?
Which structure do auditory axons ascend through after synapsing in the superior olivary nucleus?
Which structure is responsible for separating the vestibule from the semicircular canals?
Which structure is responsible for separating the vestibule from the semicircular canals?
What type of processing is the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) involved in?
What type of processing is the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) involved in?
Which ion is particularly important for the action of hair cells in the vestibular system?
Which ion is particularly important for the action of hair cells in the vestibular system?
What does bending the stereocilia away from the kinocilium result in?
What does bending the stereocilia away from the kinocilium result in?
Which part of the primary auditory cortex is associated with high-frequency sounds?
Which part of the primary auditory cortex is associated with high-frequency sounds?
What results from a unilateral lesion in the cochlear division of CN VIII?
What results from a unilateral lesion in the cochlear division of CN VIII?
What is the role of the superior olivary nucleus in sound processing?
What is the role of the superior olivary nucleus in sound processing?
What does the differential firing of afferent fibers in spiral ganglion neurons represent?
What does the differential firing of afferent fibers in spiral ganglion neurons represent?
How does complex sound influence the basilar membrane?
How does complex sound influence the basilar membrane?
What is located in the lateral structure of the auditory pathway?
What is located in the lateral structure of the auditory pathway?
The tonotopic organization of sound in the auditory cortex is primarily maintained for which characteristics?
The tonotopic organization of sound in the auditory cortex is primarily maintained for which characteristics?
What do the axons of the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei connect to in the pons?
What do the axons of the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei connect to in the pons?
What type of neurons do spiral ganglion neurons resemble?
What type of neurons do spiral ganglion neurons resemble?
What is the function of the trapezoid body in the auditory pathway?
What is the function of the trapezoid body in the auditory pathway?
What is the term used to describe the eyeball in anatomical terms?
What is the term used to describe the eyeball in anatomical terms?
Which segment of the eye includes the cornea and lens?
Which segment of the eye includes the cornea and lens?
What structure is responsible for absorbing scattered light in the retina?
What structure is responsible for absorbing scattered light in the retina?
What is the primary function of the fovea within the macula?
What is the primary function of the fovea within the macula?
What is the main purpose of the periorbital fat surrounding the globe?
What is the main purpose of the periorbital fat surrounding the globe?
Which tunic of the globe is referred to as the neural tunic?
Which tunic of the globe is referred to as the neural tunic?
Where do the optic nerves direct toward in the eye?
Where do the optic nerves direct toward in the eye?
What type of muscles are responsible for eye movement?
What type of muscles are responsible for eye movement?
What role does the sclera play in the globe's anatomy?
What role does the sclera play in the globe's anatomy?
Which component is found in the posterior segment of the eye?
Which component is found in the posterior segment of the eye?
What characterizes the orbital bone structure medially and inferiorly?
What characterizes the orbital bone structure medially and inferiorly?
What type of vision do the rods in the retina primarily support?
What type of vision do the rods in the retina primarily support?
The layers of the globe include which of the following tunics?
The layers of the globe include which of the following tunics?
What is the primary function of the ciliary body?
What is the primary function of the ciliary body?
What type of movement do maculae primarily detect?
What type of movement do maculae primarily detect?
How are the hair cells in the macula oriented?
How are the hair cells in the macula oriented?
What is the primary role of cristae in the semicircular canals?
What is the primary role of cristae in the semicircular canals?
What happens to the cupula in the semicircular canals when the head turns?
What happens to the cupula in the semicircular canals when the head turns?
Which structure is specifically responsible for detecting linear acceleration in the horizontal axis?
Which structure is specifically responsible for detecting linear acceleration in the horizontal axis?
What is primarily detected by the semicircular canals?
What is primarily detected by the semicircular canals?
How do the hair cells within an ampulla function when the head turns?
How do the hair cells within an ampulla function when the head turns?
What role do otoconia/otoliths play in the function of the macula?
What role do otoconia/otoliths play in the function of the macula?
How do hair cells in the saccule respond to movements?
How do hair cells in the saccule respond to movements?
Which structure is filled with endolymph and is crucial for balance detection?
Which structure is filled with endolymph and is crucial for balance detection?
What type of movements does dynamic movement refer to?
What type of movements does dynamic movement refer to?
What is the function of the striola in the macula?
What is the function of the striola in the macula?
What occurs when endolymph flows through the semicircular canals?
What occurs when endolymph flows through the semicircular canals?
How do the semicircular canals work in relation to one another?
How do the semicircular canals work in relation to one another?
What happens to the left side neurons when the cupula is pushed away from the kinocilium?
What happens to the left side neurons when the cupula is pushed away from the kinocilium?
Which structure does the central projection of vestibular ganglion neurons enter to reach the brainstem?
Which structure does the central projection of vestibular ganglion neurons enter to reach the brainstem?
What type of neurons form a synaptic connection with the hair cells in the vestibular system?
What type of neurons form a synaptic connection with the hair cells in the vestibular system?
Where do the central processes of vestibular ganglion neurons predominantly synapse?
Where do the central processes of vestibular ganglion neurons predominantly synapse?
What occurs when the cupula is pushed towards the kinocilium?
What occurs when the cupula is pushed towards the kinocilium?
What type of forces act on an object moving in a straight line when experiencing linear acceleration?
What type of forces act on an object moving in a straight line when experiencing linear acceleration?
Which scenario accurately describes vertical forces acting on a person?
Which scenario accurately describes vertical forces acting on a person?
What role do electrical impulses play in relation to movement and balance?
What role do electrical impulses play in relation to movement and balance?
What happens to your head position when you slam on the brakes in a moving car?
What happens to your head position when you slam on the brakes in a moving car?
What condition can cause a static head tilt during movement?
What condition can cause a static head tilt during movement?
What is the primary function of the outer ear?
What is the primary function of the outer ear?
Which structure is responsible for amplifying sound in the middle ear?
Which structure is responsible for amplifying sound in the middle ear?
What role does the tympanic membrane play in hearing?
What role does the tympanic membrane play in hearing?
Which structure channels sound to the inner ear?
Which structure channels sound to the inner ear?
What function does the cochlea serve in the auditory system?
What function does the cochlea serve in the auditory system?
What is the role of the scala vestibuli in the cochlea?
What is the role of the scala vestibuli in the cochlea?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Organ of Corti?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Organ of Corti?
Which muscle reduces sound transmission when contracted?
Which muscle reduces sound transmission when contracted?
What is the primary function of the round window in the inner ear?
What is the primary function of the round window in the inner ear?
What occurs at the helicotrema region of the cochlea?
What occurs at the helicotrema region of the cochlea?
What types of fluid are present in the cochlea's chambers?
What types of fluid are present in the cochlea's chambers?
What type of compartment is the inner ear primarily characterized as?
What type of compartment is the inner ear primarily characterized as?
Which area of the cortex is involved in providing awareness of head position in space?
Which area of the cortex is involved in providing awareness of head position in space?
Which cranial nerves are involved in reflexive eye corrections triggered by head movements?
Which cranial nerves are involved in reflexive eye corrections triggered by head movements?
What is the primary role of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
What is the primary role of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
How do a few vestibular nuclei neurons communicate with the cerebellar cortex?
How do a few vestibular nuclei neurons communicate with the cerebellar cortex?
Where do vestibular nuclei axons descend to after originating in the central nervous system?
Where do vestibular nuclei axons descend to after originating in the central nervous system?
What is the function of the vestbular cortex's unique configuration?
What is the function of the vestbular cortex's unique configuration?
Which structure helps coordinate eye movements in response to head movements?
Which structure helps coordinate eye movements in response to head movements?
What is the purpose of the axons that terminate in cortical areas adjacent to the somatosensory cortex?
What is the purpose of the axons that terminate in cortical areas adjacent to the somatosensory cortex?
Which nuclei are involved in triggering reflexive eye movements when the head moves?
Which nuclei are involved in triggering reflexive eye movements when the head moves?
What type of eye movement occurs in response to turning the head to the right?
What type of eye movement occurs in response to turning the head to the right?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the abduction of the left eye via the lateral rectus muscle?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the abduction of the left eye via the lateral rectus muscle?
What characterizes physiologic nystagmus in comparison to spontaneous nystagmus?
What characterizes physiologic nystagmus in comparison to spontaneous nystagmus?
What triggers the rapid movement of the eyes during the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
What triggers the rapid movement of the eyes during the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
Which muscle controls the adduction of the right eye when the head turns right?
Which muscle controls the adduction of the right eye when the head turns right?
What is the function of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the pupillary light reflex?
What is the function of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the pupillary light reflex?
If a lesion occurs in the right cranial nerve II (CN II), what would be the expected outcome?
If a lesion occurs in the right cranial nerve II (CN II), what would be the expected outcome?
What happens to the pupillary reflex when light is shown in the left eye of a patient with a right CN III lesion?
What happens to the pupillary reflex when light is shown in the left eye of a patient with a right CN III lesion?
What is the effect of the ciliary ganglion on the pupillary constrictor muscle?
What is the effect of the ciliary ganglion on the pupillary constrictor muscle?
What occurs in the consensual response when one eye is illuminated?
What occurs in the consensual response when one eye is illuminated?
Which structure projects bilaterally from the pretectal region to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?
Which structure projects bilaterally from the pretectal region to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?
What might indicate a lesion in the efferent limb of the pupillary reflex pathway?
What might indicate a lesion in the efferent limb of the pupillary reflex pathway?
In the context of the pupillary reflex, what role does a lesion in cranial nerve III play?
In the context of the pupillary reflex, what role does a lesion in cranial nerve III play?
Which response characterizes the direct reflex of the pupillary light reflex pathway?
Which response characterizes the direct reflex of the pupillary light reflex pathway?
What occurs when there is decreased firing from the left horizontal canal?
What occurs when there is decreased firing from the left horizontal canal?
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for vision?
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for vision?
What initiates the slow eye movement when there is an imbalance in vestibular input?
What initiates the slow eye movement when there is an imbalance in vestibular input?
Which cranial nerve innervates the sensory aspect of the face that shares a pathway with the optic nerve?
Which cranial nerve innervates the sensory aspect of the face that shares a pathway with the optic nerve?
What happens once the limit of the orbit is reached during slow eye movement?
What happens once the limit of the orbit is reached during slow eye movement?
What is the rapid simultaneous movement of both eyes between two points called?
What is the rapid simultaneous movement of both eyes between two points called?
What occurs in the vestibular system when the head turns to the right?
What occurs in the vestibular system when the head turns to the right?
What phenomenon occurs when the vestibular system is damaged, leading to abnormal eye movements?
What phenomenon occurs when the vestibular system is damaged, leading to abnormal eye movements?
During prolonged head rotation, what happens to the eyes after reaching their limit of movement?
During prolonged head rotation, what happens to the eyes after reaching their limit of movement?
In the vestibular ocular reflex, what triggers the slow eye movement to the left?
In the vestibular ocular reflex, what triggers the slow eye movement to the left?
When light is fixated on a single point, where will the light from the left side of the body hit the left eye?
When light is fixated on a single point, where will the light from the left side of the body hit the left eye?
What part of the retina does light entering the right eye through the pupil primarily hit when fixated on a point?
What part of the retina does light entering the right eye through the pupil primarily hit when fixated on a point?
Which part of the brain processes the information received from the temporal portion of the retina?
Which part of the brain processes the information received from the temporal portion of the retina?
Why is it important not to confuse eye fields with the way light is processed in the eyes?
Why is it important not to confuse eye fields with the way light is processed in the eyes?
What effect does fixation on a point have on the light entering the eyes?
What effect does fixation on a point have on the light entering the eyes?
Which type of conduction is less efficient in transmitting sound to the inner ear?
Which type of conduction is less efficient in transmitting sound to the inner ear?
In the case of conductive hearing loss, which conduction method becomes more effective?
In the case of conductive hearing loss, which conduction method becomes more effective?
What does the Weber Test primarily evaluate?
What does the Weber Test primarily evaluate?
When sound is better heard in the affected ear during the Weber Test, what type of hearing loss does this indicate?
When sound is better heard in the affected ear during the Weber Test, what type of hearing loss does this indicate?
Which structure is involved in detecting head movement and position in relation to gravity?
Which structure is involved in detecting head movement and position in relation to gravity?
What role do the hair cells in the utricle and saccule play?
What role do the hair cells in the utricle and saccule play?
What happens to sound during conductive hearing loss when there is a blockage?
What happens to sound during conductive hearing loss when there is a blockage?
What is the long hair structure associated with hair cells in the vestibular system called?
What is the long hair structure associated with hair cells in the vestibular system called?
Which structures do the axons of the vestibular nuclei primarily target to facilitate eye movement corrections?
Which structures do the axons of the vestibular nuclei primarily target to facilitate eye movement corrections?
Where do the ascending projections from the vestibular nuclei send information regarding head position?
Where do the ascending projections from the vestibular nuclei send information regarding head position?
Which of the following nuclei is involved in the processing of information for stabilizing gaze during head movements?
Which of the following nuclei is involved in the processing of information for stabilizing gaze during head movements?
Which area of the cortex is particularly associated with processes from the vestibular nuclei?
Which area of the cortex is particularly associated with processes from the vestibular nuclei?
The spinal cord receives descending projections from vestibular nuclei to facilitate which function?
The spinal cord receives descending projections from vestibular nuclei to facilitate which function?
Which nuclei assist in coordinating eye movements in response to head movements?
Which nuclei assist in coordinating eye movements in response to head movements?
Which pathway do a few vestibular nuclei neurons utilize to connect with the cerebellar cortex?
Which pathway do a few vestibular nuclei neurons utilize to connect with the cerebellar cortex?
The vestibular nuclei not only process head position but also contribute to which aspect of motor control?
The vestibular nuclei not only process head position but also contribute to which aspect of motor control?
Which part of the cochlea is responsible for detecting higher sound frequencies?
Which part of the cochlea is responsible for detecting higher sound frequencies?
What structure do the axons of the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei cross to in the pons?
What structure do the axons of the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei cross to in the pons?
Which of the following is an effect of a unilateral lesion in the cochlear division of CN VIII?
Which of the following is an effect of a unilateral lesion in the cochlear division of CN VIII?
What is the role of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) in the auditory pathway?
What is the role of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) in the auditory pathway?
In the auditory pathway, where is the final destination of auditory information from the medial geniculate nucleus?
In the auditory pathway, where is the final destination of auditory information from the medial geniculate nucleus?
Which structure's neurons are primarily responsible for detecting the direction and proximity of sound?
Which structure's neurons are primarily responsible for detecting the direction and proximity of sound?
What is the characteristic of the basilar membrane that helps distinguish high frequency sounds from low frequency sounds?
What is the characteristic of the basilar membrane that helps distinguish high frequency sounds from low frequency sounds?
What is indicated by differential firing of afferent fibers from spiral ganglion neurons?
What is indicated by differential firing of afferent fibers from spiral ganglion neurons?
Which structure serves as the primary connection point for auditory signals before reaching the auditory cortex?
Which structure serves as the primary connection point for auditory signals before reaching the auditory cortex?
How does the physical structure of the basilar membrane relate to frequency detection?
How does the physical structure of the basilar membrane relate to frequency detection?
Which auditory pathway structure is incorrect to associate with visual processing?
Which auditory pathway structure is incorrect to associate with visual processing?
What determines whether hearing loss will occur due to a lesion in the auditory pathway?
What determines whether hearing loss will occur due to a lesion in the auditory pathway?
Which aspect of sound is primarily affected by the variation in amplitude as processed by the auditory pathway?
Which aspect of sound is primarily affected by the variation in amplitude as processed by the auditory pathway?
Where do auditory axons first synapse after traveling from the Organ of Corti?
Where do auditory axons first synapse after traveling from the Organ of Corti?
Flashcards
Congenital hearing loss
Congenital hearing loss
Hearing loss present at birth, due to genetic factors or developmental problems.
Acquired hearing loss
Acquired hearing loss
Hearing loss that develops after birth, from various causes.
Noise-induced hearing loss
Noise-induced hearing loss
Hearing loss caused by loud noises, damaging cells in the inner ear.
Sensorineural hearing loss (aging)
Sensorineural hearing loss (aging)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Auditory pathway lesions
Auditory pathway lesions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unilateral hearing loss
Unilateral hearing loss
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rinne and Weber tests
Rinne and Weber tests
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bone vs. Air Conduction
Bone vs. Air Conduction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stereocilia
Stereocilia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tip Links
Tip Links
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vestibular System
Vestibular System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Utricle and Saccule
Utricle and Saccule
Signup and view all the flashcards
Endolymph
Endolymph
Signup and view all the flashcards
Perilymph
Perilymph
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hair Cells
Hair Cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vestibular neurons
Vestibular neurons
Signup and view all the flashcards
Semicircular canals
Semicircular canals
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vestibule
Vestibule
Signup and view all the flashcards
Basilar membrane function
Basilar membrane function
Signup and view all the flashcards
High frequency sounds
High frequency sounds
Signup and view all the flashcards
Low frequency sounds
Low frequency sounds
Signup and view all the flashcards
Auditory pathway
Auditory pathway
Signup and view all the flashcards
Organ of Corti
Organ of Corti
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cochlear division of CN VIII
Cochlear division of CN VIII
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cochlear nuclei
Cochlear nuclei
Signup and view all the flashcards
Superior olivary nucleus
Superior olivary nucleus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inferior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Medial geniculate nucleus
Medial geniculate nucleus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Primary auditory cortex
Primary auditory cortex
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tonotopic organization
Tonotopic organization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unilateral lesion
Unilateral lesion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Types of information in auditory pathway
Types of information in auditory pathway
Signup and view all the flashcards
Spiral ganglion neurons
Spiral ganglion neurons
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vestibular Nuclei
Vestibular Nuclei
Signup and view all the flashcards
Scarpa's Ganglion
Scarpa's Ganglion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vestibulospinal Tracts
Vestibulospinal Tracts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vestibular Cortex
Vestibular Cortex
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ventral Posterior Nucleus of Thalamus
Ventral Posterior Nucleus of Thalamus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vestibulo-ocular Reflex (VOR)
Vestibulo-ocular Reflex (VOR)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Extraocular Nuclei
Extraocular Nuclei
Signup and view all the flashcards
CN III, IV, VI
CN III, IV, VI
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cerebellar Cortex
Cerebellar Cortex
Signup and view all the flashcards
Globe
Globe
Signup and view all the flashcards
Orbit
Orbit
Signup and view all the flashcards
Periorbital fat
Periorbital fat
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anterior segment (AS)
Anterior segment (AS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Posterior segment (PS)
Posterior segment (PS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cornea
Cornea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lens
Lens
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retina
Retina
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fovea centralis
Fovea centralis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Macula lutea
Macula lutea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Optic nerve
Optic nerve
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fibrous tunic
Fibrous tunic
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vascular tunic
Vascular tunic
Signup and view all the flashcards
Neural tunic
Neural tunic
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
Signup and view all the flashcards
What do semicircular canals detect?
What do semicircular canals detect?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the three planes of motion detected by semicircular canals?
What are the three planes of motion detected by semicircular canals?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are ampullae?
What are ampullae?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are cristae?
What are cristae?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do cristae work?
How do cristae work?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the difference between macula and cristae?
What is the difference between macula and cristae?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a striola?
What is a striola?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the difference between the utricle and saccule?
What is the difference between the utricle and saccule?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are otoliths?
What are otoliths?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the cupula?
What is the cupula?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do the semicircular canals on both sides of the head work together?
How do the semicircular canals on both sides of the head work together?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does 'tonically active' mean in relation to vestibular neurons?
What does 'tonically active' mean in relation to vestibular neurons?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is 'dynamic movement'?
What is 'dynamic movement'?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is 'angular acceleration'?
What is 'angular acceleration'?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is 'translational movement'?
What is 'translational movement'?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Linear Acceleration
Linear Acceleration
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does the vestibular system detect?
What does the vestibular system detect?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does gravity impact the vestibular system?
How does gravity impact the vestibular system?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does head movement affect balance?
How does head movement affect balance?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the two types of forces that affect the vestibular system?
What are the two types of forces that affect the vestibular system?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vestibular Ganglion Neurons
Vestibular Ganglion Neurons
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bipolar Neurons
Bipolar Neurons
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vestibular Portion of CN VIII
Vestibular Portion of CN VIII
Signup and view all the flashcards
First-Order Neurons
First-Order Neurons
Signup and view all the flashcards
Outer Ear: Functions
Outer Ear: Functions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Outer Ear: Structures
Outer Ear: Structures
Signup and view all the flashcards
Middle Ear: Function
Middle Ear: Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Middle Ear: Structures
Middle Ear: Structures
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inner Ear: Function
Inner Ear: Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inner Ear: Structures
Inner Ear: Structures
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cochlea: Chambers
Cochlea: Chambers
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tectorial Membrane
Tectorial Membrane
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sound Frequency Detection
Sound Frequency Detection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sound Amplification
Sound Amplification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Middle Ear Muscles
Middle Ear Muscles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Round Window: Function
Round Window: Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the four vestibular nuclei?
What are the four vestibular nuclei?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Scarpa's Ganglion?
What is Scarpa's Ganglion?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Vestibulospinal Tract?
What is the Vestibulospinal Tract?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ventral Posterior Nucleus
Ventral Posterior Nucleus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pupillary Light Reflex
Pupillary Light Reflex
Signup and view all the flashcards
Consensual Response
Consensual Response
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pretectal Region
Pretectal Region
Signup and view all the flashcards
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ciliary Ganglion
Ciliary Ganglion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Direct Pupillary Light Reflex
Direct Pupillary Light Reflex
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pupillary Constrictor Muscle
Pupillary Constrictor Muscle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Afferent Limb
Afferent Limb
Signup and view all the flashcards
Efferent Limb
Efferent Limb
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lesion to CN III
Lesion to CN III
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is physiological nystagmus?
What is physiological nystagmus?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is spontaneous nystagmus?
What is spontaneous nystagmus?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the circuitry of a horizontal gaze?
What is the circuitry of a horizontal gaze?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a vestibulo-ocular reflex?
What is a vestibulo-ocular reflex?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a 'two-part movement' in nystagmus?
What is a 'two-part movement' in nystagmus?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bone conduction
Bone conduction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Air conduction
Air conduction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rinne Test
Rinne Test
Signup and view all the flashcards
Weber Test
Weber Test
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conductive hearing loss
Conductive hearing loss
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sensory neural hearing loss
Sensory neural hearing loss
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kinocilium
Kinocilium
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of the basilar membrane?
What is the role of the basilar membrane?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Where are high frequency sounds detected?
Where are high frequency sounds detected?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Where are low frequency sounds detected?
Where are low frequency sounds detected?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the auditory pathway?
What is the auditory pathway?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the function of the cochlear nuclei?
What is the function of the cochlear nuclei?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does the superior olivary nucleus help with sound localization?
How does the superior olivary nucleus help with sound localization?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of the inferior colliculus?
What is the role of the inferior colliculus?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the medial geniculate nucleus?
What is the medial geniculate nucleus?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is tonotopic organization?
What is tonotopic organization?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What types of information are transmitted in the auditory pathway?
What types of information are transmitted in the auditory pathway?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do spiral ganglion neurons work?
How do spiral ganglion neurons work?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does differential firing help with amplitude perception?
How does differential firing help with amplitude perception?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does sound localization work?
How does sound localization work?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the effects of lesions in the auditory pathway?
What are the effects of lesions in the auditory pathway?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the vestibular system?
What is the vestibular system?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the semicircular canals?
What are the semicircular canals?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the utricle and saccule?
What are the utricle and saccule?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are vestibular nuclei?
What are vestibular nuclei?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)?
What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the vestibular cortex?
What is the vestibular cortex?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus?
What is the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the pupillary light reflex?
What is the pupillary light reflex?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the temporal hemiretina?
What is the temporal hemiretina?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the nasal hemiretina?
What is the nasal hemiretina?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the fovea?
What is the fovea?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the fixation point?
What is the fixation point?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is binocular vision?
What is binocular vision?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a saccade?
What is a saccade?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does endolymph flow do to vestibular nerve firing?
What does endolymph flow do to vestibular nerve firing?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do eye movements relate to head movements?
How do eye movements relate to head movements?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is nystagmus?
What is nystagmus?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What causes nystagmus?
What causes nystagmus?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does the vestibular system control?
What does the vestibular system control?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary bodily functions, like heart rate, digestion, and perspiration.
- It consists of two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Sympathetic Division
- Pre-ganglionic neurons originate in the spinal cord (T1-L2).
- Short pre-ganglionic fibers synapse near the spinal cord.
- Long post-ganglionic fibers extend to target organs.
- Activities typically associated with "fight-or-flight" responses like increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and increased respiration.
Parasympathetic Division
- Pre-ganglionic neurons originate in the brainstem (cranial nerves) or sacral spinal cord (S2-S4).
- Long pre-ganglionic fibers synapse close to target organs.
- Short post-ganglionic fibers extend to effector cells.
- Activities typically associated with "rest-and-digest" responses like decreased heart rate, increased digestion, and constricted pupils.
Hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus acts as the control center for the autonomic nervous system.
- It receives and integrates information from various sources, including the cerebral cortex and limbic system.
- It sends signals (through pre-ganglionic fibers) to the spinal cord and brainstem to regulate activities in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
- These systems work in tandem to maintain homeostasis, with opposite effects on the same organ (or sometimes work cooperatively to produce a unified response).
Horner's Syndrome
- Implies there has been a loss of sympathetic tone to the ipsilateral side leading to:
- Miosis (constricted pupil)
- Ptosis (drooping eyelid)
- Anhidrosis (lack of sweating).
Autonomic Reflex Arcs
- Responses, such as adjustments to blood pressure, are automatic and unconscious.
- It involves sensory input to the autonomic nervous system and motor output.
Additional Notes
- The autonomic system carries both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers.
- The pre-ganglionic fibers are in the CNS, while the post-ganglionic fibers are in the PNS.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your understanding of congenital and acquired hearing loss, as well as age-related auditory changes. This quiz will explore key concepts of auditory processing and vestibular function, including diagnostic tests and neurological pathways. Perfect for students studying auditory and vestibular systems.
