Auditory and Vestibular Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What primarily causes congenital hearing loss?

  • Environmental factors during development
  • Infections after birth
  • Genetic mutations and developmental insults (correct)
  • Noise exposure in early childhood

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of acquired hearing loss?

  • Loss of high frequency hearing occurs first
  • Caused by noisy induced hearing loss
  • Destruction of hair cells at the cochlear base
  • It is always bilateral and symmetric (correct)

    • What occurs with aging-related hearing loss?

  • It leads to complete deafness
  • Progressive bilateral and symmetric sensorineural hearing loss (correct)
  • First loss of low frequency hearing
  • Only affects one ear at a time

    • What will unilateral lesions above the cochlear nuclei most likely affect?

    <p>Detection of sound direction and distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the Rinne Test and Weber Test differentiate types of hearing loss?

    <p>By understanding the differences in bone conduction and air conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing loss occurs first when there is damage to the stereociliated cells in the Organ of Corti?

    <p>High frequency hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which location of lesions can cause ipsilateral hearing loss?

    <p>In the cochlear nuclei or cochlear nerve (CN VIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of unilateral lesions above the cochlear nuclei?

    <p>Impairment in detecting sound direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure assists in compensatory eye movements to maintain stable gaze?

    <p>Vestibulo-ocular reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vestibular nuclei is responsible for projecting to the spinal cord?

    <p>Lateral vestibular nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the ascending projections from vestibular nuclei travel to provide head position awareness?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are associated with the reflexive eye corrections involved in the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

    <p>CN III and CN VI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tracts do descending projections from vestibular nuclei form?

    <p>Vestibulospinal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the cortex is particularly associated with vestibular processing?

    <p>Posterior parietal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

    <p>To maintain stable gaze during head movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei's axons terminate in cortical areas adjacent to the somatosensory cortex?

    <p>Ventral posterior nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway do a few vestibular nuclei neurons travel through to synapse in the cerebellar cortex?

    <p>Inferior cerebellar peduncle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reflexive eye movements triggered by head motion are known as what?

    <p>Vestibulo-ocular reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are tip links primarily responsible for in the vestibular system?

    <p>Opening ion channels on the tips of stereocilia when stretched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of the utricle and saccule in the vestibular system?

    <p>They detect linear acceleration and static head position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between endolymph and perilymph?

    <p>Endolymph has a higher concentration of positive ions, particularly potassium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the vestibular neurons when the stereocilia bend towards the kinocilium?

    <p>Depolarization occurs, leading to neurotransmitter release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the vestibular labyrinth helps in understanding the position of the body with respect to gravity?

    <p>Utricle and saccule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motion do the semicircular canals primarily detect?

    <p>Rotational movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are higher sound frequencies primarily detected in the cochlea?

    <p>At the base of the cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contained within the outer bony labyrinth of the vestibular system?

    <p>Perilymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure do auditory axons ascend through after synapsing in the superior olivary nucleus?

    <p>Lateral lemniscus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for separating the vestibule from the semicircular canals?

    <p>Bony labyrinth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processing is the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) involved in?

    <p>Auditory processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is particularly important for the action of hair cells in the vestibular system?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does bending the stereocilia away from the kinocilium result in?

    <p>Hyperpolarization of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the primary auditory cortex is associated with high-frequency sounds?

    <p>Deep regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from a unilateral lesion in the cochlear division of CN VIII?

    <p>Hearing loss in the ipsilateral ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the superior olivary nucleus in sound processing?

    <p>Detecting proximity and direction of sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the differential firing of afferent fibers in spiral ganglion neurons represent?

    <p>Threshold variation for sound activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does complex sound influence the basilar membrane?

    <p>Certain sections oscillate based on multiple frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located in the lateral structure of the auditory pathway?

    <p>Lateral lemniscus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tonotopic organization of sound in the auditory cortex is primarily maintained for which characteristics?

    <p>Tone and amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the axons of the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei connect to in the pons?

    <p>Superior olivary nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons do spiral ganglion neurons resemble?

    <p>Bipolar neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trapezoid body in the auditory pathway?

    <p>Facilitate sound localization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the eyeball in anatomical terms?

    <p>Globe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the eye includes the cornea and lens?

    <p>Anterior segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for absorbing scattered light in the retina?

    <p>Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fovea within the macula?

    <p>To provide the sharpest vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the periorbital fat surrounding the globe?

    <p>To cushion and support the eye within the orbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tunic of the globe is referred to as the neural tunic?

    <p>Neural tunic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the optic nerves direct toward in the eye?

    <p>Medially toward the posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscles are responsible for eye movement?

    <p>Extraocular muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the sclera play in the globe's anatomy?

    <p>It provides shape and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is found in the posterior segment of the eye?

    <p>Vitreous chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the orbital bone structure medially and inferiorly?

    <p>Thin and fragile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vision do the rods in the retina primarily support?

    <p>Peripheral and non-color vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The layers of the globe include which of the following tunics?

    <p>Fibrous, vascular, and neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ciliary body?

    <p>To control the shape of the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement do maculae primarily detect?

    <p>Translational movement influenced by external forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the hair cells in the macula oriented?

    <p>In various and opposing directions for comprehensive detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cristae in the semicircular canals?

    <p>Responding to angular acceleration and dynamic movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cupula in the semicircular canals when the head turns?

    <p>It deforms away from the direction of head rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is specifically responsible for detecting linear acceleration in the horizontal axis?

    <p>Macula of the utricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily detected by the semicircular canals?

    <p>Dynamic movements and angular rotations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the hair cells within an ampulla function when the head turns?

    <p>They all bend toward one direction to indicate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do otoconia/otoliths play in the function of the macula?

    <p>They act under gravity to influence hair cell bending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hair cells in the saccule respond to movements?

    <p>They detect vertical acceleration when moving up or down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is filled with endolymph and is crucial for balance detection?

    <p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movements does dynamic movement refer to?

    <p>Movements generated by muscle activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the striola in the macula?

    <p>To demarcate the orientation of hair cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when endolymph flows through the semicircular canals?

    <p>It drags the hair cells in a direction opposite the head rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the semicircular canals work in relation to one another?

    <p>Each canal works in tandem with its opposite partner for balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the left side neurons when the cupula is pushed away from the kinocilium?

    <p>They are inhibited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does the central projection of vestibular ganglion neurons enter to reach the brainstem?

    <p>Vestibular portion of CN VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons form a synaptic connection with the hair cells in the vestibular system?

    <p>Bipolar neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the central processes of vestibular ganglion neurons predominantly synapse?

    <p>Vestibular nuclei in the pons and medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the cupula is pushed towards the kinocilium?

    <p>Neurons on that side are stimulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of forces act on an object moving in a straight line when experiencing linear acceleration?

    <p>External forces acting on the object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario accurately describes vertical forces acting on a person?

    <p>Moving upward in an elevator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do electrical impulses play in relation to movement and balance?

    <p>They help maintain balance and adjust orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to your head position when you slam on the brakes in a moving car?

    <p>The head tilts forward due to inertia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can cause a static head tilt during movement?

    <p>Maintaining an anatomical position with a head tilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the outer ear?

    <p>To collect and transmit sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for amplifying sound in the middle ear?

    <p>Ossicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the tympanic membrane play in hearing?

    <p>It transmits mechanical vibrations to the cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure channels sound to the inner ear?

    <p>Oval window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the cochlea serve in the auditory system?

    <p>To transform sound into electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the scala vestibuli in the cochlea?

    <p>To stimulate fluid movement upon oval window activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the Organ of Corti?

    <p>It contains the sensory receptor cells for sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle reduces sound transmission when contracted?

    <p>Tensor tympani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the round window in the inner ear?

    <p>To relieve pressure in fluid movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the helicotrema region of the cochlea?

    <p>The scala vestibuli meets the scala tympani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of fluid are present in the cochlea's chambers?

    <p>Endolymph and perilymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compartment is the inner ear primarily characterized as?

    <p>Fluid-filled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the cortex is involved in providing awareness of head position in space?

    <p>Vestibular cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are involved in reflexive eye corrections triggered by head movements?

    <p>III, IV, and VI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

    <p>To maintain stable gaze during head movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do a few vestibular nuclei neurons communicate with the cerebellar cortex?

    <p>Through the inferior cerebellar peduncle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do vestibular nuclei axons descend to after originating in the central nervous system?

    <p>The spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vestbular cortex's unique configuration?

    <p>To integrate multiple sensory inputs related to balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure helps coordinate eye movements in response to head movements?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the axons that terminate in cortical areas adjacent to the somatosensory cortex?

    <p>To relay vestibular and proprioceptive information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei are involved in triggering reflexive eye movements when the head moves?

    <p>Nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of eye movement occurs in response to turning the head to the right?

    <p>The left eye abducts and the right eye adducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the abduction of the left eye via the lateral rectus muscle?

    <p>CN VI (abducens)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes physiologic nystagmus in comparison to spontaneous nystagmus?

    <p>Spontaneous nystagmus can occur without head movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the rapid movement of the eyes during the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

    <p>Turning of the head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle controls the adduction of the right eye when the head turns right?

    <p>Medial rectus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the pupillary light reflex?

    <p>To initiate the pupillary constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a lesion occurs in the right cranial nerve II (CN II), what would be the expected outcome?

    <p>No constriction occurs in either eye with light shone in the right eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pupillary reflex when light is shown in the left eye of a patient with a right CN III lesion?

    <p>Only the left eye constricts and the right eye does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the ciliary ganglion on the pupillary constrictor muscle?

    <p>It synapses to signal the muscle to contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the consensual response when one eye is illuminated?

    <p>Both eyes constrict regardless of where light is shown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure projects bilaterally from the pretectal region to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?

    <p>The pretectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might indicate a lesion in the efferent limb of the pupillary reflex pathway?

    <p>Right eye does not constrict regardless of light position in the both eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the pupillary reflex, what role does a lesion in cranial nerve III play?

    <p>Affected eye exhibits no constriction regardless of light exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response characterizes the direct reflex of the pupillary light reflex pathway?

    <p>Only the eye receiving light directly constricts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is decreased firing from the left horizontal canal?

    <p>The brain detects movement to the right even if the head is stationary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for vision?

    <p>CN II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the slow eye movement when there is an imbalance in vestibular input?

    <p>Confusion in the brain due to asymmetrical canal stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve innervates the sensory aspect of the face that shares a pathway with the optic nerve?

    <p>CN V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens once the limit of the orbit is reached during slow eye movement?

    <p>The fast eye movement begins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rapid simultaneous movement of both eyes between two points called?

    <p>Saccade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the vestibular system when the head turns to the right?

    <p>Increased firing in vestibular nerve on the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when the vestibular system is damaged, leading to abnormal eye movements?

    <p>Spontaneous nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During prolonged head rotation, what happens to the eyes after reaching their limit of movement?

    <p>They execute a fast movement to the opposite side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the vestibular ocular reflex, what triggers the slow eye movement to the left?

    <p>Increased firing from the right vestibular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When light is fixated on a single point, where will the light from the left side of the body hit the left eye?

    <p>Nasal hemiretina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the retina does light entering the right eye through the pupil primarily hit when fixated on a point?

    <p>Temporal hemiretina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain processes the information received from the temporal portion of the retina?

    <p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important not to confuse eye fields with the way light is processed in the eyes?

    <p>They represent different anatomical structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does fixation on a point have on the light entering the eyes?

    <p>Different parts of the retina receive asymmetrical light input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of conduction is less efficient in transmitting sound to the inner ear?

    <p>Bone conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of conductive hearing loss, which conduction method becomes more effective?

    <p>Bone conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Weber Test primarily evaluate?

    <p>Bone conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When sound is better heard in the affected ear during the Weber Test, what type of hearing loss does this indicate?

    <p>Conductive hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in detecting head movement and position in relation to gravity?

    <p>Utricle and saccule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the hair cells in the utricle and saccule play?

    <p>Synapsing with auditory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sound during conductive hearing loss when there is a blockage?

    <p>Sound conduction is enhanced through the inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long hair structure associated with hair cells in the vestibular system called?

    <p>Kinocilium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures do the axons of the vestibular nuclei primarily target to facilitate eye movement corrections?

    <p>Extraocular nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the ascending projections from the vestibular nuclei send information regarding head position?

    <p>To the vestibular cortex via the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nuclei is involved in the processing of information for stabilizing gaze during head movements?

    <p>Abducens nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the cortex is particularly associated with processes from the vestibular nuclei?

    <p>Posterior parietal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spinal cord receives descending projections from vestibular nuclei to facilitate which function?

    <p>Vestibular adjustments for balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei assist in coordinating eye movements in response to head movements?

    <p>Oculomotor nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway do a few vestibular nuclei neurons utilize to connect with the cerebellar cortex?

    <p>Inferior cerebellar peduncle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vestibular nuclei not only process head position but also contribute to which aspect of motor control?

    <p>Gaze stabilization and eye movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cochlea is responsible for detecting higher sound frequencies?

    <p>Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure do the axons of the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei cross to in the pons?

    <p>Superior olivary nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of a unilateral lesion in the cochlear division of CN VIII?

    <p>Deafness in the ipsilateral ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) in the auditory pathway?

    <p>Auditory processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the auditory pathway, where is the final destination of auditory information from the medial geniculate nucleus?

    <p>Primary auditory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure's neurons are primarily responsible for detecting the direction and proximity of sound?

    <p>Superior olivary nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the basilar membrane that helps distinguish high frequency sounds from low frequency sounds?

    <p>Thickness and stiffness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by differential firing of afferent fibers from spiral ganglion neurons?

    <p>Tone differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as the primary connection point for auditory signals before reaching the auditory cortex?

    <p>Medial geniculate nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the physical structure of the basilar membrane relate to frequency detection?

    <p>The thickness of the membrane varies along its length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which auditory pathway structure is incorrect to associate with visual processing?

    <p>Lateral geniculate nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether hearing loss will occur due to a lesion in the auditory pathway?

    <p>Location of the lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of sound is primarily affected by the variation in amplitude as processed by the auditory pathway?

    <p>Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do auditory axons first synapse after traveling from the Organ of Corti?

    <p>Cochlear nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary bodily functions, like heart rate, digestion, and perspiration.
    • It consists of two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.

    Sympathetic Division

    • Pre-ganglionic neurons originate in the spinal cord (T1-L2).
    • Short pre-ganglionic fibers synapse near the spinal cord.
    • Long post-ganglionic fibers extend to target organs.
    • Activities typically associated with "fight-or-flight" responses like increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and increased respiration.

    Parasympathetic Division

    • Pre-ganglionic neurons originate in the brainstem (cranial nerves) or sacral spinal cord (S2-S4).
    • Long pre-ganglionic fibers synapse close to target organs.
    • Short post-ganglionic fibers extend to effector cells.
    • Activities typically associated with "rest-and-digest" responses like decreased heart rate, increased digestion, and constricted pupils.

    Hypothalamus

    • The hypothalamus acts as the control center for the autonomic nervous system.
    • It receives and integrates information from various sources, including the cerebral cortex and limbic system.
    • It sends signals (through pre-ganglionic fibers) to the spinal cord and brainstem to regulate activities in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
    • These systems work in tandem to maintain homeostasis, with opposite effects on the same organ (or sometimes work cooperatively to produce a unified response).

    Horner's Syndrome

    • Implies there has been a loss of sympathetic tone to the ipsilateral side leading to:
      • Miosis (constricted pupil)
      • Ptosis (drooping eyelid)
      • Anhidrosis (lack of sweating).

    Autonomic Reflex Arcs

    • Responses, such as adjustments to blood pressure, are automatic and unconscious.
    • It involves sensory input to the autonomic nervous system and motor output.

    Additional Notes

    • The autonomic system carries both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers.
    • The pre-ganglionic fibers are in the CNS, while the post-ganglionic fibers are in the PNS.

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