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Questions and Answers
What is the goal of auditing project management?
To ensure the project is progressing as planned, within budget, and achieving its intended outcomes, while complying with relevant regulations and standards.
The first step in auditing project management is ______.
Planning the Audit
Which of the following is not a key area evaluated in project management?
What type of sampling is defined by known probabilities of selection?
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What is the basic technique of probability sampling that assigns equal probabilities to each individual?
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Which sampling method selects every kth individual from the population?
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Non-probability sampling should be used for statistical inference.
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What should you remember when using probability sampling?
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What is the main characteristic of purposive sampling?
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Which of these is NOT a source of non-sampling error?
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Which situation is most appropriate for utilizing non-probability sampling?
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In which of the following methods is the selection of samples based solely on the researcher's judgment?
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What is convenience sampling primarily focused on?
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Which sampling method involves selecting individuals from non-overlapping groups called strata?
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What is a key characteristic of cluster sampling?
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Which of the following best describes multi-stage sampling?
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In systematic random sampling, how is the first individual selected?
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Which method relies on chance encounters for sample selection?
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What defines quota sampling in non-probability sampling?
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When is probability sampling preferred?
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What type of sampling is characterized by taking a sample from predetermined groups?
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What is the final step in the audit project management process?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of probability sampling?
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What is the purpose of risk assessment during the audit planning phase?
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Which step involves reviewing project documentation and conducting interviews?
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Which sampling procedure must be followed to ensure a representative sample?
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What is a significant disadvantage of non-probability sampling?
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During which part of an audit project would preliminary findings be presented?
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What might be assessed during the 'Testing and Validation' phase of project management auditing?
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Study Notes
Audit Project Management
- Audit project management involves evaluating the processes, practices, and the controls employed to manage a project effectively.
- The aim is to ensure that a project is progressing as planned, remains within budget, and achieves its intended outcomes. This involves adhering to relevant regulations and standards.
Key Steps in Audit Project Management
- Planning the Audit: This involves defining the scope and objectives, developing an audit plan, and conducting a risk assessment.
- Gathering Information: This stage includes reviewing project documentation, conducting interviews and observations, and collecting relevant data.
- Evaluating Key Project Management Areas: This phase assesses the effectiveness of Scope Management, Time Management, Cost Management, Risk Management, Quality Management, Resource Management, Communication and Stakeholder Management, and Procurement Management.
- Testing and Validation: Evaluation of process compliance, control effectiveness and deliverables with project milestones.
- Reporting: This involves producing a preliminary findings report, a final audit report, and action plans to address identified issues.
- Follow-Up: Implementation of the proposed recommendations and ongoing monitoring of progress.
Sampling Methodology
- Probability Sample: Obtained using objective chance mechanisms, involving randomization. Probabilities of selection are known, allowing for valid generalizations about the population.
- Non-Probability Sample: Selected haphazardly, purposively or based on volunteers. Probabilities of selection are unknown and not suitable for statistical inference.
Sampling Procedure
- Identify the Population: Clearly define the group being studied.
- Assess Population Accessibility: Determine if the entire population can be reached for sampling.
- Select a Sampling Method: Choose a suitable probability or non-probability sampling technique based on the research objective.
- Select a Representative Sample: Ensure the sample accurately reflects the characteristics of the population.
- Generalizability Consideration: Evaluate if findings from the accessible population can be generalized to the entire population.
Basic Sampling Techniques of Probability Sampling
- Simple Random Sampling: Most basic method, assigning equal probabilities of selection to each individual in the population.
- Systematic Random Sampling: Selecting every kth individual from the population, with the starting point determined randomly.
- Stratified Random Sampling: Dividing the population into non-overlapping groups (strata) based on shared characteristics, then drawing a simple random sample from each stratum.
- Cluster Sampling: Selecting samples from naturally occurring groups (clusters) within the population. Clusters should be heterogeneous internally and homogeneous externally.
- Multi-Stage Sampling: A multi-step sampling approach, where samples are drawn at different stages, with varying sampling units at each stage.
When to Use Probability Sampling
- Probability sampling should be used when the primary objective is to make inferences about the population's characteristics.
Basic Sampling Techniques of Non-Probability Sampling
- Accidental Sampling: Selecting individuals based on convenience and chance encounters.
- Quota Sampling: Including a specified number of individuals from different categories within the population.
- Purposive Sampling: Selecting individuals intentionally based on specific criteria or characteristics.
- Snowball Sampling: Using existing participants to recruit additional participants based on referrals.
Audit Project Management
- Auditing project management involves assessing how effectively a project is managed.
- The goal is to ensure the project stays on track, adheres to the budget, achieves its objectives, and complies with regulations.
- Key steps include planning, gathering information, evaluating key project management areas, testing and validation, reporting, and follow-up.
Planning the Audit
- Define the audit's scope and objectives
- Create an audit plan
- Conduct a risk assessment
Gathering Information
- Review project documentation
- Conduct interviews and observations
- Collect relevant data
Evaluating Key Project Management Areas
- Scope Management
- Time Management
- Cost Management
- Risk Management
- Quality Management
- Resource Management
- Communication and Stakeholder Management
- Procurement Management
Testing and Validation
- Assess process compliance
- Evaluate control effectiveness
- Verify deliverables and milestones achieved
Reporting
- Deliver preliminary findings
- Create a final audit report
- Develop action plans for improvements
Follow-Up
- Implement recommendations from the audit
- Continuously monitor project progress and effectiveness
Sampling Methodology
- There are two main types of samples: probability samples and non-probability samples.
Probability Samples
- Use objective chance mechanisms for selection
- Involve randomization
- Probabilities of selection are known
- Often referred to as random samples
- Allow for valid generalizations about the population
Non-Probability Samples
- Selection is done haphazardly, purposefully, or by volunteers
- Probabilities of selection are unknown
- Not suitable for statistical inference
Sampling Procedure
- Identify the population
- Determine if the population being sampled is accessible
- Select an appropriate sampling method
- Choose a sample that accurately reflects the population
- Consider if generalizations can be made to the broader population from the accessible subset
Basic Sampling Techniques for Probability Sampling:
- Simple Random Sampling: Most basic method, each individual has an equal chance of selection, results in a simple random sample.
- Systematic Random Sampling: Selecting every kth individual from the population.
- Stratified Random Sampling: Separating the population into non-overlapping groups, called strata, and drawing a random sample from each stratum.
- Cluster Sampling: Taking samples from naturally occurring groups (clusters) within the population.
- Multi-Stage Sampling: Selection is done in multiple stages, with different sampling units used at each stage.
When to Use Probability Sampling
- If the primary objective is to make inferences about the characteristics of the population
Basic Sampling Techniques for Non-Probability Sampling:
- Accidental Sampling: Convenience-based selections, often those encountered by chance.
- Quota Sampling: Selecting a predetermined number of individuals from specific segments or categories within the population.
- Convenience Sampling: Picking individuals rapidly and easily.
- Purposive Sampling: Selecting individuals who meet specific criteria defined by the researcher.
- Judgement Sampling: Expert selection, based on the opinion or knowledge of a specialist in the relevant field.
Non-Probability Sampling is Useful When:
- Few individuals are willing to participate
- It's challenging to locate or identify subjects
- Probability sampling becomes too costly
- It's impossible to enumerate all elements within the population.
Sources of Non-Sampling Error
- Non-Sampling Error: Errors arising from the survey process, not inherent randomness in the sample selection.
- Non-Responses: Incomplete or missing data from intended respondents
- Interviewer Error: Issues with how the interviewer conducts the survey, potentially influencing responses.
- Misrepresented Answers: Respondents providing inaccurate information.
- Data Entry Errors: Mistakes made during the data recording process.
- Questionnaire Design: Defects in how the questionnaire is structured or worded can impact responses.
- Wording of Questions: Ambiguous or misleading question wording can lead to incorrect responses.
- Selection Bias: Systematic errors in how the sample is selected, leading to an unrepresentative sample.
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Description
This quiz explores the essential aspects of audit project management, including planning, information gathering, and evaluation of key areas. Understand how to assess project effectiveness, adherence to standards, and overall performance. Dive into the critical steps that ensure projects stay on track and meet their objectives.
