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Questions and Answers
Sound amplification in the outer ear (auditory canal) is affected by:
Sound amplification in the outer ear (auditory canal) is affected by:
- Sound pressure (correct)
- Sound speed
- Sound amplitude
Prolonged exposure to loud noise can cause permanent damage to:
Prolonged exposure to loud noise can cause permanent damage to:
- The air conductivity (of the ear)
- The structure of the eardrum (tympanic membrane)
- Inner ear (correct)
The loss of elasticity (stiffening) of the tympanic membrane will result in:
The loss of elasticity (stiffening) of the tympanic membrane will result in:
- Decrease in the binaural effect
- Increase of air conductivity
- Decrease of hearing threshold (correct)
Sound intensity level (dB) and Loudness (phones) will have the same magnitude at the following frequency: (ref. the equal-loudness graph, Fig.1)
Sound intensity level (dB) and Loudness (phones) will have the same magnitude at the following frequency: (ref. the equal-loudness graph, Fig.1)
Refer to the equal-loudness curve above. At frequency of 4000 Hz the perceived sound is:
Refer to the equal-loudness curve above. At frequency of 4000 Hz the perceived sound is:
Sound Intensity Level is proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of incoming to threshold intensity SIL = 10·Log (I/I‰). If intensity is increased by a factor of 100, what is change in SIL?
Sound Intensity Level is proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of incoming to threshold intensity SIL = 10·Log (I/I‰). If intensity is increased by a factor of 100, what is change in SIL?
The sound intensity level in a room is 20 dB. A TV produces additional intensity level of 60 dB. What is the sound intensity in the room now?
The sound intensity level in a room is 20 dB. A TV produces additional intensity level of 60 dB. What is the sound intensity in the room now?
Match the physical (objective) with the corresponding psychophysical (subjective) properties of the sound: (hint: multiple connections are possible)
Match the physical (objective) with the corresponding psychophysical (subjective) properties of the sound: (hint: multiple connections are possible)
Sound frequency is:
Sound frequency is:
The fundamental harmonic (frequency fo) in a complex sound is characterized by:
The fundamental harmonic (frequency fo) in a complex sound is characterized by:
The speed of sound is calculated by the Newton-Laplace formula c = $\sqrt{\frac{K}{\rho}}$ where K is the stiffness coefficient, and p is the density of the material. If the density of the substance doubles, the speed of propagating sound wave will:
The speed of sound is calculated by the Newton-Laplace formula c = $\sqrt{\frac{K}{\rho}}$ where K is the stiffness coefficient, and p is the density of the material. If the density of the substance doubles, the speed of propagating sound wave will:
What is the speed of sound in air?
What is the speed of sound in air?
Does absorption of sound and the corresponding penetration depth depend on the wavelength?
Does absorption of sound and the corresponding penetration depth depend on the wavelength?
Is it possible for internal organs to generate sounds that propagate to the skin, and are audible?
Is it possible for internal organs to generate sounds that propagate to the skin, and are audible?
Noise can be defined as:
Noise can be defined as:
Damping oscillations are:
Damping oscillations are:
If the amplitude of a wave doubles (x2), what would happen to the period?
If the amplitude of a wave doubles (x2), what would happen to the period?
In which of the following mediums, sound waves cannot propagate?
In which of the following mediums, sound waves cannot propagate?
Which of the following waves are NOT mechanical?
Which of the following waves are NOT mechanical?
A propagating sound wave transfers:
A propagating sound wave transfers:
Which of the following factors has the most significant effect on the speed of propagation of sound waves?
Which of the following factors has the most significant effect on the speed of propagation of sound waves?
Sound waves are:
Sound waves are:
The speed of sound (in non-dispersive medium):
The speed of sound (in non-dispersive medium):
Human ear is most sensitive to frequencies (refer to equal-loudness curve):
Human ear is most sensitive to frequencies (refer to equal-loudness curve):
What is the meaning of 0 dB?
What is the meaning of 0 dB?
Timbre is:
Timbre is:
The pitch of sound depends mostly on:
The pitch of sound depends mostly on:
Which of the following does NOT have relevance to the reflection/transmission of sound waves?
Which of the following does NOT have relevance to the reflection/transmission of sound waves?
Timbre is related to:
Timbre is related to:
Weber-Fechner law (in psychophysics) describes a logarithmic relationship between the intensity of a sound wave and....:
Weber-Fechner law (in psychophysics) describes a logarithmic relationship between the intensity of a sound wave and....:
Intensity is defined as:
Intensity is defined as:
When sound wave travels across two materials with similar acoustic impedance, at the boundary surface there will be:
When sound wave travels across two materials with similar acoustic impedance, at the boundary surface there will be:
The acoustic impedance Z of a substance is defined as the product of:
The acoustic impedance Z of a substance is defined as the product of:
Why can't we hear voices (speech) when submerged under water?
Why can't we hear voices (speech) when submerged under water?
What property of sound is measured in decibels (dB)?
What property of sound is measured in decibels (dB)?
If the period of a wave is 0.02 s, what is its frequency? (Hint: how often does it vibrate in one second?)
If the period of a wave is 0.02 s, what is its frequency? (Hint: how often does it vibrate in one second?)
Flashcards
What is an audiogram?
What is an audiogram?
The measurement of sound intensity at different frequencies to evaluate hearing loss.
What affects sound amplification in the outer ear?
What affects sound amplification in the outer ear?
Sound amplification in the auditory canal increases with the sound pressure.
What part of the ear is most vulnerable to noise damage?
What part of the ear is most vulnerable to noise damage?
Prolonged exposure to loud noise can damage the delicate structures of the inner ear, leading to permanent hearing loss.
What happens to hearing threshold when the tympanic membrane stiffens?
What happens to hearing threshold when the tympanic membrane stiffens?
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At what frequency do dB and phones have the same value?
At what frequency do dB and phones have the same value?
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How does perceived loudness change from 1000 Hz to 4000 Hz?
How does perceived loudness change from 1000 Hz to 4000 Hz?
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How does SIL change if intensity increases by 100 times?
How does SIL change if intensity increases by 100 times?
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What is the total sound intensity level in a room with 20 dB and a TV at 60 dB?
What is the total sound intensity level in a room with 20 dB and a TV at 60 dB?
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What is the difference between sound frequency and timbre?
What is the difference between sound frequency and timbre?
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What characterizes the fundamental harmonic in a complex sound?
What characterizes the fundamental harmonic in a complex sound?
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How does the speed of sound change if density doubles?
How does the speed of sound change if density doubles?
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What is the approximate speed of sound in air?
What is the approximate speed of sound in air?
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How does sound absorption relate to wavelength?
How does sound absorption relate to wavelength?
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Can internal organs produce audible sounds?
Can internal organs produce audible sounds?
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How is noise defined in terms of sound waves?
How is noise defined in terms of sound waves?
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What does damping mean in terms of oscillations?
What does damping mean in terms of oscillations?
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How does the wave period change when the amplitude doubles?
How does the wave period change when the amplitude doubles?
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In what medium can sound waves NOT propagate?
In what medium can sound waves NOT propagate?
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Which of the following are NOT mechanical waves?
Which of the following are NOT mechanical waves?
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What does a propagating sound wave transfer?
What does a propagating sound wave transfer?
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What factor influences the speed of sound waves most significantly?
What factor influences the speed of sound waves most significantly?
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What type of waves are sound waves?
What type of waves are sound waves?
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How does the speed of sound change in different mediums?”,
How does the speed of sound change in different mediums?”,
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Study Notes
Practical No. 2 - Audiogram
- Audiogram: a diagnostic method for the hearing apparatus
- Sound amplification in the outer ear is affected by sound speed, sound pressure, and sound amplitude.
- Prolonged exposure to loud noise can damage the air conductivity, eardrum (tympanic membrane), and inner ear.
- Loss of elasticity in the tympanic membrane leads to decreased hearing threshold and reduced binaural effect.
- Sound intensity level (dB) and loudness (phones) have the same magnitude at 1000 Hz (according to the equal-loudness graph).
Practical No. 2 - Sound Intensity
- Sound intensity level (dB) and loudness (phones) have the same magnitude at 1000 Hz.
- Sound intensity level is proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of incoming intensity to threshold intensity (SIL = 10·Log (I/I‰)).
- Increasing intensity by a factor of 100 increases SIL by 20 dB.
Practical No. 2 - General
- The equal-loudness curve shows the relationship between perceived sound loudness and frequency.
- At 4000 Hz, the perceived sound is softer than at 1000 Hz (according to the equal-loudness curve).
Practical No. 3 - General
- Sound waves cannot propagate in a vacuum.
- Sound waves are mechanical waves.
- Sound waves transfer energy, not matter.
- The speed of sound is most affected by the elastic properties of the medium.
- Human ears are most sensitive to frequencies between 2000 Hz and 5000 Hz.
- 0 dB corresponds to the lowest detectable sound level.
- Timbre is the subjective quality of a sound.
- Pitch is largely determined by frequency.
- Sound intensity level is measured in decibels (dB).
Practical No. 7 - Alternating Current
- Alternating current (AC) changes direction.
- An oscilloscope measures the relationship between two variables, such as time and voltage.
- Electric current is measured in amps (A).
- Electric current represents the rate of charge per unit time (Q/t).
- Electric current relates to the rate of charge flow, whether in a circuit or in a vacuum tube (where electric current is measured in terms of electrons per unit time).
Practical No. 7 - General
- In metallic conductors, current doubles with the doubling of voltage (if resistance remains constant).
- Resistors have a direct relationship between voltage (V) and current (I).
- Ohm's Law defines the relationship as I = V/R (where R is resistance).
Practical No. 8 - Electromagnetic Waves
- High frequency currents are more dangerous to humans than Low frequency currents.
- High frequency currents often cause deeper tissue heating effects compared to lower frequency currents.
- Pulsed current often has less potential for differential tissue heating when used to effect stimulation than other current types.
Practical No. 8 - General
- Skin and fat tissue have the lowest thermal conductivity among the listed organs and tissues.
- High-frequency electric current therapy can result in deep tissue heating.
Practical No. 9 - Optical Microscope
- To obtain a good quality image with an optical microscope, the object must be placed at a distance greater than the focal length of the objective, but less than twice its focal length or at the focal point.
- The image formed by the eyepiece is a virtual image.
- Magnification involves linear and angular aspects (and is related to the optical power of the objective and ocular).
- The highest resolution of standard optical microscopes is 0.2 μm.
Practical No. 10 - Eye Refraction
- Near-sightedness (myopia) is corrected with concave lenses.
- Far-sightedness (hyperopia) is corrected with convex lenses.
- Astigmatism is corrected with cylindrical lenses.
- The human eye is most sensitive to green light.
Practical No. 11 - Laser
- Lasers operate by stimulated emission.
- A population inversion is a state in which more electrons are in higher energy states than lower.
- Lasers use optical resonators.
Practical No. 12 - Radiopharmaceuticals and Nuclear Medicine
- Specific types of nuclear decay, such as beta minus or gamma decay, are suitable for in vivo diagnostics.
Practical No. 13 - Radioactivity, Gamma-Rays
- In general, gamma radiation has more penetration depth in tissue than alpha or beta radiation
- The activity of a radionuclide is the rate of decay measured in Becquerels (Bq).
- Radiopharmaceuticals are drugs containing radioactive elements, often used for diagnostic purposes. This can include measuring the rate of decay in tissues or organs using imaging techniques (that measure the emissions).
Practical No. 14 - Gamma Radiation, Photon Energy, and Radiotherapy
- The predominant form of interaction in radiotherapy with high energy radiation sources (such as gamma rays) is often the compton effect (scattering).
- Gamma rays have a higher penetration depth.
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