P4- Cognitive control 1
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Questions and Answers

The ability to focus on one object at a time is known as the "selective" component of attention.

True (A)

The "dorsal attention network" manages involuntary attention, while the "ventral attention network" deals with voluntary attention.

False (B)

The "frontal eye field" (FEF) is heavily involved in the "ventral attention network" and helps control eye movements.

False (B)

Both the "alerting" and "orienting" systems require significant activation, according to the text.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neglect syndrome can result from damage to the left hemisphere, leading to impaired attention to the right visual field.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with neglect syndrome often show signs of hemianopia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The "executive" component of the attention system is primarily associated with the hippocampus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The "alerting system" is a more ancient system, whereas "orienting" is more cognitively complex.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The "dorsal attention network" is mainly associated with the temporal parietal junction and the ventral frontal cortex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The statement that "multitasking actually doesn’t work" is consistent with the passage's argument that cognitive resources are limited.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with neglect syndrome are often unaware of their own limitations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visual occlusion therapy involves using specialized lenses to magnify the neglected hemifield.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with neglect syndrome are unable to feel pain in the neglected limb.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with neglect syndrome who is asked to draw a clock might only draw the right half, neglecting the left side.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The visual exploratory approach involves guiding the patient to find specific objects in their visual field, often using a strategy of moving from right to left.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right hemisphere is responsible for controlling movement in the left limb, while the left hemisphere controls movement in the right limb.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with neglect syndrome often experience frustration because they are aware of their limitations but unable to address them.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rehabilitation for neglect syndrome typically focuses on strengthening the left hemisphere to compensate for the right hemisphere's dysfunction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of prism lenses in rehabilitation shifts the visual field to the left, forcing the patient to adapt to the change.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neglect syndrome is considered one of the most detrimental syndromes for a patient's quality of life, even more so than language syndromes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perceptual neglect only affects the right visual field.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The comb-crasser test assesses personal neglect by counting how many times a patient combs each side of their head.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In imaginative neglect, patients have difficulty copying images but not in imagining them.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with motor neglect can accurately report objects in the left hemifield but may not move towards them.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peri-personal space is the area that patients can reach with their hands.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with neglect syndrome are often aware of their deficit.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left hemisphere manages attention to both the left and right sides of the visual field.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with very severe neglect syndrome is expected to perform well on the cancellation test with distractors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motor neglect is exclusively related to deficits in the right hemifield.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Attention management is impaired when the right hemisphere is damaged, leading to neglect.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bottom-up processing refers to the voluntary direction of cognitive resources to a specific object.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The intensity component of attention is related to the amount of awareness we possess.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a person is under anesthesia, they are still capable of selective attention.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Attention enhances the activation of neuron representation related to internal experiences.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lateral region of the brain is related to attentional control for top-down processing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person's ability to estimate the color of someone's eyes is an example of bottom-up processing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Attention affects only external stimuli and does not impact internal thoughts or feelings.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Selectivity component of attention allows for the focus on specific external or internal objects.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alertness is an important measure of responsiveness to cues in attentional processes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Attention can be maintained even when a person is sleeping.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Attention

The ability to focus on a particular stimulus, either internal or external, bringing it to our conscious awareness.

Bottom-up processing

The process by which our attention is automatically drawn to a stimulus, such as a loud noise.

Top-down processing

The process of consciously directing our attention to a specific stimulus, even if it is not automatically grabbing our attention.

Intensity component of attention

The degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and able to perceive stimuli.

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Selectivity component of attention

The ability to focus our attention on one specific stimulus while ignoring others.

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Sustained attention

The ability to maintain focus over a period of time, such as paying attention during a lecture.

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Shifting attention

The ability to rapidly shift focus between different stimuli, such as when driving and reacting to road changes.

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Divided attention

The ability to focus on multiple stimuli simultaneously, such as listening to music while cooking.

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Vigilance

The ability to detect a specific stimulus, like a change in the environment, requiring alertness.

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Brain regions involved in attention

Brain regions associated with attention control, particularly the lateral and medial areas.

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Selective Attention

The ability to focus on one specific object while inhibiting distractions. It's like highlighting the object you want to focus on while dimming everything else.

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Dorsal Attention Network

The brain network that allows us to focus our attention voluntarily, like when we decide to look at something specific.

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Ventral Attention Network

The brain network responsible for being automatically aware of something unexpected or surprising, like a sudden loud noise.

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Multitasking

The ability to attend to multiple objects or tasks simultaneously but with reduced performance compared to focusing on one at a time.

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Neglect Syndrome

An inability to attend to one side of the visual field, typically the left side, after damage to the right hemisphere of the brain.

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Clock Test

A test used to assess visuospatial attention by asking patients to draw a clock. Those with neglect syndrome often omit numbers on the left side of the clock.

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Frontal Eye Field (FEF)

The brain area responsible for controlling eye movements, which is closely linked to the dorsal attention network because we often look where we attend.

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Working Memory

The ability to hold information in mind for a short period of time while maintaining attention on it. It shares the same brain regions as attention.

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Alerting System

The most basic level of awareness, responsible for being alert and responsive to stimuli. It is linked to subcortical brain structures.

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Orienting System

The brain system responsible for directing attention toward specific locations, which involves cortical regions and requires less activation than the alerting system.

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Perceptual Neglect

A type of neglect syndrome where the patient has trouble attending to the left side of their visual field.

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Line Dissection Test

A test where the patient is asked to draw a line, but they tend to place the mark closer to the right side of the line.

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Cancellation Test

A test where patients are asked to cancel out all the lines or shapes they see in a picture.

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Imaginative Neglect

A type of neglect syndrome where an individual has difficulty recalling or imagining the left side of objects or scenes.

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Peripersonal Space

The space that is within reach of one's hands.

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Extrapersonal Space

The space beyond arm's reach, outside of the peripersonal space.

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Personal Neglect

A type of neglect syndrome where an individual fails to attend to one side of their own body.

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Comb-Crasser Test

A test where the patient is asked to comb their hair, but they tend to only comb the right side of their head.

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Motor Neglect

A type of neglect syndrome where the individual can attend to stimuli on the left side but has difficulty initiating movements towards that side.

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What is Neglect Syndrome?

Neglect syndrome is a neurological condition where patients fail to attend to or perceive stimuli on one side of their body or visual field, typically after damage to the right hemisphere of the brain.

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Do patients with neglect feel frustrated?

Patients with neglect syndrome may be unaware of their disability. They might not experience frustration because they don't realize they are neglecting one side.

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Can patients with neglect consciously perceive?

Although patients with neglect may not be consciously aware of stimuli on the neglected side, they can still perceive it unconsciously, as shown by tasks like choosing a house not on fire.

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What are the most debilitating syndromes?

Neglect syndrome and language impairments are among the most debilitating neurological conditions because they significantly impact a person's daily life and ability to work.

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What is the goal of neglect rehabilitation?

The goal of neglect syndrome rehabilitation is to retrain the patient's attention and awareness towards the neglected side of the visual field.

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What is Visual Occlusion therapy?

Visual occlusion therapy involves covering one eye with a dark lens, forcing the patient to rely on their neglected side for visual information.

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What is Motor Neglect rehabilitation?

Motor neglect rehabilitation focuses on forcing the patient to use their neglected limb through exercises and activities.

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What is Prism Lens Therapy?

Prism lens therapy shifts the visual field to the right, causing the patient to adapt and attend to the previously neglected side.

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What are Visual Exploratory Tasks?

Visual exploratory tasks like connecting dots encourage patients to actively engage their neglected visual field and scan for stimuli.

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What is the reading pattern in neglect patients?

Neglect patients tend to progressively move their starting point to the right when reading, demonstrating the right hemisphere's dominance in attention.

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Study Notes

Attention and Neglect Syndrome

  • Attention is the ability to bring something into conscious awareness, encompassing external (objects, people) and internal (feelings) experiences.
  • Attentional control is linked to specific brain regions, with a distinction between more lateral/temporal and more medial regions.
  • Bottom-up processing (automatic) involves an object attracting attention directly.
  • Top-down processing (voluntary) involves directing attention to a specific location.
  • Attention improves neuronal representation of the attended object. More neurons fire when actively attending.
  • Attention has intensity (level of alertness) and selectivity (focusing on specific objects) components.
    • Intensity relates to awareness, dropping during sleep/anesthesia. Can measure alertness and sustained perception.
    • Selectivity allows focusing on one object, involving inhibition of distractions to enhance the selected object's representation.
  • Cognitive resources are finite, thus multitasking is inefficient.
  • Bottom-up processing uses the ventral attention network while voluntary top-down processing uses the dorsal attention network.
    • Ventral network (automatic): temporoparietal junction and ventral frontal cortex (lateral system).
    • Dorsal network (voluntary): superior parietal regions (intraparietal sulcus) and more medial/superior frontal gyri (frontal eye field, FEF - also medial in cingulate cortex).
  • These networks interact dynamically in daily experiences.
  • Attention is lateralized to the right hemisphere, dominant for visuospatial attention. Right hemisphere damage increases neglect risk.
  • Brainstem is crucial for basic awareness, while neocortex handles complex tasks. Alerting system is ancient, subcortical; orienting system is cortical. Executive component/working memory is prefrontal.
  • Neglect Syndrome
    • Characterized by unawareness of the ignored left visual field.
    • Often caused by right hemisphere damage.
    • Hemianopia (visual field problem) is absent, but attention to the affected area is.
    • Neglect may impact extra-personal space (room), peri-personal space (desk), or personal space (body).
    • Neglect can affect perceptual (can't pay attention to the left), motor (tendency to move towards the right more), or imaginative aspects.
    • Assessment tools: Clock test, line bisection, cancellation test (with/without distractors).
  • Common tests for Neglect Syndrome
    • Clock Drawing Test: Patients often omit or misplace numbers on the left side of the clock.
    • Line Bisection Test: Patients draw the midpoint of lines closer to the right side.
    • Cancellation Test: Patients often miss or incorrectly cancel stimuli on the left side, especially with added distractors.
  • Rehabilitation
    • Visual Occlusion: Covering the right visual field forcing left-side focus.
    • Visual Distortion: Prism glasses shifting the visual field to the right forcing interaction with the left visual field.
    • Visual Exploratory Tasks: Guiding attention to the left side with patterns like row of dots.
  • Patients with Neglect are often unaware of their deficit, a key factor in treatment and rehabilitation.
    • Some patients ignore the left part of their bodies, failing to care for it.
    • Patients may not be frustrated with the problem because of the lack of awareness.
    • Pain, in turn, can be used to rehabilitate the individual.
  • The right hemisphere's dominance in attention, coupled with its role in controlling movements, plays a crucial role in neglect symptoms.

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Test your knowledge on Attention and Neglect Syndrome with this quiz. Explore concepts such as attentional control, processing types, and the impact of attention on neuronal activity. Challenge yourself with questions about selective focus and cognitive resources.

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