Attachment Theory
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Questions and Answers

During the Object constancy sub-phase, children understand that if their mother is temporarily away, she will not be lost. This understanding allows them to:

  • Show increased aggression
  • Become more dependent
  • Develop separation anxiety
  • Function independently (correct)

    • In cases of deprivation according to Rutter, if separation from the attachment figure is for a short time, the child may go through phases similar to grief. Which of the following is NOT one of these phases?

  • Protest
  • Detachment
  • Despair
  • Joy (correct)

    • Boys tend to show more deprivation features than girls, especially if they have experienced aggressive caregiving before separation. This may manifest in increased:

  • Calmness
  • Clingy behavior (correct)
  • Independence
  • Empathy

    • What term is used by Rutter to refer to the non-formation of attachment, which can lead to 'affectionless psychopathy' and developmental retardation?

    <p>Privation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of privation, children may exhibit attention seeking, lack of guilt, antisocial behavior, and indiscriminate attachment patterns. These behaviors are termed 'affectionless psychopathy' because of the child's lack of:

    <p>Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Separation anxiety sets in during prolonged deprivation. What psychological complaints are commonly seen in children experiencing prolonged deprivation?

    <p>Clinginess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Deprivation' according to Rutter involves the temporary loss of attachment. Which phase following separation is NOT associated with deprivation?

    <p>'Joy'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Object constancy sub-phase' occurs at what age range according to the text?

    <p>(2 to 5 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Strange Situation Experiment by Ainsworth, during which situation is the infant left alone with the mother present?

    <p>Situation 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attachment classification in Ainsworth's experiment is associated with Anxious avoidant behavior?

    <p>Type A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of surrogate mother did the rhesus monkey infants prefer according to Harlow's experiment?

    <p>Cloth-covered surrogate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Ainsworth's Strange Situation Experiment, what happens in Situation 4?

    <p>Mother returns and stranger leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in the classification of infants in Ainsworth's experiments?

    <p>Responsiveness and sensitivity of mothers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the wire-covered surrogate mother and the cloth-covered surrogate mother in Harlow's experiment?

    <p>Cloth mother provides contact comfort, wire mother provides feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type A behavior in Attachment Theory is least associated with:

    <p><em>Anxious behavior in infants</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the loss of a loved one during a short period of separation from the primary caregiver?

    <p>Anaclitic depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can lead to later childhood disorders when combined with insecure attachment?

    <p>Family dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of maternal deprivation that is considered rare for recovery from anaclitic depression?

    <p>Prolonged deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Margaret Mahler's Separation-Individuation theory involves the child gradually appreciating the difference between the mother and themselves?

    <p>Differentiation sub-phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way mentioned in the text to help infants experiencing anaclitic depression?

    <p>Surrogate mothering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of anaclitic depression, what does Margaret Mahler suggest is important for recovery?

    <p>Less than 3 months of maternal deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of Margaret Mahler's Separation-Individuation theory involves the child perceiving the mother and self as one unit?

    <p>Symbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text indicate about the development of a sense of identity in young children according to Margaret Mahler?

    <p>&quot;Independent of their mothers&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase involves the child realizing that good and bad impulses come from the same unified object?

    <p>Depressive position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves the child projecting destructive impulses onto external objects?

    <p>Paranoid-schizoid position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defense mechanism can emerge in the absence of reparation, characterized by denial of reality and grandiosity?

    <p>Manic defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to soft toys or objects that help in transitioning from fantasy to reality during childhood development?

    <p>Transitional object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase does the child develop guilt for having destructive impulses against the mother?

    <p>Depressive position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves splitting the external world into good and bad elements?

    <p>Paranoid-schizoid position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to persecutory anxiety in the child according to the text?

    <p>Projecting destructive impulses onto external objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The child is said to be in paranoid-schizoid position' when:

    <p>'Projection of both bad and good impulses occurs'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is imprinting?

    <p>A form of learning during the critical phase of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Lorenz's study with goslings, what did the young birds imprint on?

    <p>Lorenz himself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)' refer to?

    <p>Inherent pattern of behavior initiated by specific stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an 'Innate Releasing Mechanism (IRM)'?

    <p>Triggering a stereotyped motor response to a specific external stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the object relations theory define 'object'?

    <p>Both living persons and non-living concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Object relations theory' posits that the primary motivational drive of an individual is to seek what?

    <p>Relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Attachment Theory' is based on the idea that attachments are formed primarily during what stage of life?

    <p>Early childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Imprinting' is particularly resistant to change. This implies that once imprinted, animals tend to:

    <p>Maintain the imprinted behavior even when circumstances change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children with Type C attachment pattern in Ainsworth's experiment display high levels of distress when the mother leaves. How are they characterized upon the mother's return?

    <p>Not comforted easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic behavior of children with Type B attachment pattern in Ainsworth's experiment?

    <p>Plays independently when the mother is nearby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Ainsworth's attachment theory, which attachment pattern is characterized by high distress when left alone but easily comforted on the mother's return?

    <p>Type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children with Type D attachment pattern, as described in the text, may exhibit what behavior towards their mother?

    <p>Fear or signs of fright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes children with Type A (Insecure) attachment pattern from other types based on Ainsworth's experiment?

    <p>Easily comforted by a stranger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior distinguishes children with Type B (Secure) attachment pattern in Ainsworth's experiment?

    <p>Independently playing near the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children with Type C (Anxious resistant) attachment pattern in Ainsworth's experiment resist strangers' efforts to pacify. What is their behavior like towards their mothers?

    <p>Show ambivalence about her return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Attachment Theory, the attachment behavior of a child is primarily considered:

    <p>Innate and serves an adaptive purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of attachment development do infants typically show signs of separation anxiety and develop object permanence?

    <p>Clear-cut attachment phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Harlow's experiments in understanding attachment?

    <p>They demonstrated the importance of contact comfort in forming mother-infant bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Melanie Klein, what is weaning symbolically equivalent to?

    <p>Castration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range do infants typically experience the peak of attachment behavior according to the text?

    <p>6 to 24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of attachment development allows infants to form attachments with multiple individuals in their environment?

    <p>Indiscriminate attachment phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Melanie Klein's theory, what is the major technique employed?

    <p>Play interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism is NOT part of the Kleinian defenses SIPDOG?

    <p>Repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Attachment Theory suggest about infants' need for forming attachments?

    <p>It is an inherited need crucial for survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between the paranoid-schizoid position and the depressive position in Kleinian theory?

    <p>Focus on good and bad qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of attachment development do infants orient towards their mothers but do not yet show clear attachment preferences?

    <p>Pre-attachment phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Melanie Klein described two positions in her theory. Which position involves an inability to perceive a whole object?

    <p>Paranoid-schizoid position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes between deprivation and privation in attachment theory according to the text?

    <p>The child exhibits protest, despair, and detachment phases in deprivation, while in privation, there is a lack of attachment formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the situation where children exhibit attention seeking, lack of guilt, antisocial behavior, and indiscriminate attachment patterns due to the non-formation of attachment?

    <p>Affectionless psychopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main concepts Melanie Klein introduced regarding infants' instinctual knowledge?

    <p>Inborn knowledge of good and bad qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Harlow's experiments emphasized the importance of emotional comfort in attachment formation?

    <p>The presence of a cloth-covered surrogate mother without food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which sub-phase of attachment development does a child understand that temporary separation from the attachment figure does not mean permanent loss?

    <p>Object constancy sub-phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kleinian theory, what does the depressive position primarily involve?

    <p>Recognizing good and bad qualities in objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves the child being able to explore alone but requiring comfort and reassurance upon return?

    <p>Rapprochement sub-phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is more noticeable if aggressive caregiving or physical abuse was present before separation according to the text?

    <p>Increased clingy behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can prolonged deprivation lead to according to Rutter's distinction?

    <p>Separation anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reversible but only to some extent according to the text?

    <p>'Affectionless psychopathy'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Attachment is formed but lost temporarily' refers to which concept mentioned in the text?

    <p>'Deprivation'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the critical phase, which type of animal learning occurs when a young animal is highly sensitive to a specific stimulus?

    <p>Imprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Lorenz's study with goslings demonstrate about imprinting?

    <p>It can lead animals to follow an object other than their biological mother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Innate Releasing Mechanism (IRM) play in animal behavior?

    <p>Triggering stereotyped motor responses to specific stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) in animals?

    <p>Species-specific, stereotyped movements initiated by specific stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to object relations theory, what does 'object' refer to?

    <p>Both living persons and non-living concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivational drive of an individual according to object relations theory?

    <p>To seek relationships with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Object constancy sub-phase' in child development primarily involves understanding what concept?

    <p>That temporarily absent objects are not permanently lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the resistance to change associated with imprinting?

    <p>'Imprinting is particularly resistant to change' implies that once imprinted, animals tend to maintain that learned behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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