Attachment Theory Quiz

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Questions and Answers

According to Harlow and Zimmerman's study, what did the infant monkeys primarily seek from the cloth mother?

Physical warmth

Food and nourishment

Contact comfort (correct)

Security and protection

According to Bowlby's ethological theory, what is the purpose of infants' innate attachment-related behaviors?

To display independence

To seek nourishment

To establish dominance

To elicit the mother's attention and care (correct)

According to Bowlby's theory, what is the purpose of the four stages of attachment that occur during the first two years of life?

To assert dominance within the family

To establish independence from the mother

To ensure the survival of the infant (correct)

To form social bonds with peers

What did Harlow and Zimmerman's study conclude about the importance of contact comfort in infant attachment?

Contact comfort is an important contributor to an infant's attachment to caregivers Signup and view all the answers

What type of aggression is driven by anger and is done to hurt someone?

Hostile aggression Signup and view all the answers

At what age does physical instrumental aggression usually peak in children?

2 years of age Signup and view all the answers

Which emotion is more likely to induce the motivation to distance oneself from an event according to the study by Lickel and his colleagues?

Shame Signup and view all the answers

What does the social information processing model propose as a cause of aggressive behavior in children?

Biases at each step of response to provocation Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of much of the research on the role of shame and guilt?

Inhibiting transgressions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of instrumental aggression?

To fulfill a need or desire Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of shame and guilt on the motivation of young adults to change as a person according to Lickel and colleagues' study?

Inducing the motivation to change the self Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of aggression evident in children until about 4 years of age according to studies?

Physical aggression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal identified by aggressive children in the response search step according to the social information processing model?

To retaliate Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed cause of aggressive behavior in children according to Crick and Dodge's social information processing model?

Biases at each step of response to provocation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of shame and guilt on the motivation of young adults to change as a person according to Lickel and colleagues' study?

Inducing the motivation to change the self Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of much of the research on the role of shame and guilt?

Inhibiting transgressions Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children's emotions emerge in a predictable order?

30-36 months Signup and view all the answers

When do infants start categorizing facial expressions of emotion?

7 months Signup and view all the answers

When do infants show understanding of the affective meaning of facial expressions?

10-18 months Signup and view all the answers

At what age do negative emotions decrease and positive emotions remain stable or increase?

mid-60s Signup and view all the answers

What is the Positivity Effect in older adults related to?

Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) Signup and view all the answers

When do infants exhibit stranger anxiety and disturbances at home?

7 months Signup and view all the answers

When do infants start discriminating between some facial expressions?

At birth Signup and view all the answers

At what age do researchers find increasing age associated with decreasing negative emotions and increasing positive emotions?

mid-60s Signup and view all the answers

When does recognition of facial expressions of emotion develop during infancy?

At birth Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants exhibit a shift in preference for emotion expressions?

7 months Signup and view all the answers

What age range shows a predictable order of children's emotions, starting with primary emotions and progressing to self-conscious emotions?

30-36 months Signup and view all the answers

When do infants start understanding the affective meaning of facial expressions?

10-18 months Signup and view all the answers

What are signs of attachment in infants?

Social referencing, separation anxiety, and stranger anxiety Signup and view all the answers

How many attachment patterns were identified by Ainsworth and colleagues?

Four: secure, insecure/resistant, insecure/avoidant, and disorganized/disoriented Signup and view all the answers

What did research using the Adult Attachment Interview find regarding parents' early attachment experiences and their children's attachment patterns?

A relationship between parents' early attachment experiences and their children's attachment patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common attachment pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures?

Secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the overrepresented attachment pattern among low-SES mothers, especially adolescent mothers?

Dismissing attachment pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prevalent insecure attachment pattern in individualistic cultures?

Insecure/avoidant pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prevalent insecure attachment pattern in collectivist cultures?

Insecure/resistant pattern Signup and view all the answers

Are there cultural differences in the relative rates of insecure attachment classifications?

Yes, with insecure/avoidant pattern most prevalent in individualistic cultures and insecure/resistant pattern most prevalent in collectivist cultures Signup and view all the answers

Are attachment patterns similar or different across different racial/ethnic groups in the United States?

Similar Signup and view all the answers

Are adult attachment patterns cross-culturally universal?

Yes Signup and view all the answers

Is there a relationship between the types and severity of the effects of separation of infants from their primary caregivers and the infant’s age?

Yes Signup and view all the answers

For babies 7 months of age and younger, what was the effect of separation from their mothers?

Caused little distress Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby's ethological theory, how many stages of attachment occur during the first two years of life?

Four stages: preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, and formation of reciprocal relationships Signup and view all the answers

What did Harlow and Zimmerman conclude about the importance of contact comfort in infant attachment?

Contact comfort is an important contributor to an infant’s attachment to his/her caregivers Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the early research conducted by Harlow and Zimmerman?

Examining the importance of contact comfort in infant attachment Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby's ethological theory, what are the innate attachment-related behaviors of infants that elicit the mother’s attention and care?

Sucking, crying, smiling, and cooing Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants begin to categorize facial expressions of emotion?

Around 5 to 7 months Signup and view all the answers

When do infants start to discriminate between facial expressions of emotion?

Around 5 to 7 months Signup and view all the answers

When do children's emotions emerge in a predictable order, starting with primary emotions?

Birth to 18 months Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants begin to show understanding of the affective meaning of facial expressions?

Around 10 to 18 months Signup and view all the answers

When does longitudinal research show a decrease in negative emotions and stable or increasing positive emotions?

Early 20s to mid-60s Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed cause of age-related changes in emotional memory, leading to a preference for positive information in older adults?

Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) Signup and view all the answers

At what age does recognition of facial expressions of emotion develop in infants?

Around 5 to 7 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of health status on emotions after mid-60s?

Inconsistent findings on negative emotions Signup and view all the answers

When do infants begin to adjust easily to hospitalization?

Under 7 months Signup and view all the answers

When does the shift in preference for fearful expressions occur in infants?

Around 5 to 7 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for the emergence of secondary emotions in children?

18 to 36 months Signup and view all the answers

According to research, when do negative emotions decrease and positive emotions remain stable or increase?

From early 20s to mid-60s Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of instrumental aggression?

To fulfill a need or desire Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of aggression evident in children until about 4 years of age according to studies?

Physical aggression Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of shame and guilt on the motivation of young adults to change as a person according to Lickel and colleagues' study?

Shame induces motivation to change the self, while guilt induces motivation to apologize Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed cause of aggressive behavior in children according to Crick and Dodge's social information processing model?

Deficiencies and biases in response to provocation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of health status on emotions after mid-60s?

Decrease in positive emotions and stable negative emotions Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children's emotions emerge in a predictable order?

1 year of age Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of much of the research on the role of shame and guilt?

Inhibiting transgressions Signup and view all the answers

When do infants start to discriminate between facial expressions of emotion?

7 months of age Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common attachment pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures?

Secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the overrepresented attachment pattern among low-SES mothers, especially adolescent mothers?

Disorganized attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed cause of age-related changes in emotional memory, leading to a preference for positive information in older adults?

Biological changes in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What did Harlow and Zimmerman conclude about the importance of contact comfort in infant attachment?

It is the primary factor in infant attachment Signup and view all the answers

What did Ainsworth and colleagues identify in babies?

Secure, insecure/resistant, insecure/avoidant, and disorganized/disoriented attachment patterns Signup and view all the answers

What did research using the Adult Attachment Interview find regarding the link between parents' early attachment experiences and their children's attachment patterns?

Found a link between parents' early attachment experiences and their children's attachment patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with a higher likelihood of insecure attachment in infants?

Low socioeconomic status (SES) Signup and view all the answers

In which situation can secure attachment occur despite poverty?

When parenting quality is good Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment pattern is overrepresented among low-SES mothers, especially adolescent mothers?

Dismissing attachment pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common attachment pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures?

Secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

Are attachment patterns similar or different across different racial/ethnic groups in the United States?

Similar across different racial/ethnic groups Signup and view all the answers

Are adult attachment patterns cross-culturally universal?

Yes Signup and view all the answers

At what age do signs of attachment, including social referencing and separation anxiety, emerge in infants?

Around six months Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of early separation from primary caregivers, such as hospitalization, on infants?

Age-dependent effects, with younger babies experiencing less distress from separation Signup and view all the answers

What do attachment patterns vary across in terms of prevalence?

Cultures Signup and view all the answers

What did Bowlby propose shapes an infant’s internal working models about self, others, and relationships?

Attachment relationships in early stages Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Attachment Theory and its Impact on Relationships

According to Bowlby, infants' attachment relationships lead to the development of internal working models affecting future relationships
Signs of attachment include social referencing, separation anxiety, and stranger anxiety
Ainsworth and colleagues identified four attachment patterns: secure, insecure/resistant, insecure/avoidant, and disorganized/disoriented
Research using the Adult Attachment Interview found a relationship between parents' early attachment experiences and their children's attachment patterns
Low-SES children are more likely to be insecurely attached due to risk factors associated with low SES such as poor parental education and parental drug use
Dismissing attachment pattern is overrepresented among low-SES mothers, with the overrepresentation being greatest for low-SES adolescent mothers
Secure attachment is the most common pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures, with variations related more to differences in caregiving quality than cultural differences
There are cultural differences in the relative rates of insecure attachment classifications, with the insecure/avoidant pattern most prevalent in individualistic cultures and the insecure/resistant pattern most prevalent in collectivist cultures
Attachment patterns are similar across different racial/ethnic groups in the United States
Adult attachment patterns are cross-culturally universal
Research on the effects of separation of infants from their primary caregivers found that the types and severity of the effects are related to the infant’s age
For babies 7 months of age and younger, separation from their mothers caused little distress

Development of Emotions and Emotional Recognition in Infancy and Adulthood

Schaffer and Callender found that babies under 7 months easily adjusted to hospitalization, while older infants experienced stranger anxiety and disturbances after hospitalization
Children's emotions emerge in a predictable order: primary emotions from birth to 18 months, secondary emotions from 18 to 36 months
Facial emotion recognition in infants develops around 5 to 7 months, with a shift in preference for fearful expressions around 7 months
Infants begin to categorize facial expressions of emotion at about 7 months, recognizing similarities in expressions
Infants show understanding of the affective meaning of facial expressions between 10 and 18 months
Longitudinal research shows negative emotions decrease from early 20s to mid-60s, while positive emotions remain stable or increase
Emotions after mid-60s are affected by health status, with inconsistent findings on negative emotions
Age-related changes in emotional memory show a positivity effect in older adults, leading to a preference for and better memory of positive information
Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) is used to explain the positivity effect in emotional memory
Recognition of facial expressions of emotion is studied through looking-time and event-related-potential paradigms
Facial emotion recognition in infants involves the ability to perceive emotions in facial expressions
Infants begin to discriminate between facial expressions of emotion soon after birth, but reliable discrimination occurs at 5 to 7 months

Attachment Theory and Its Impact on Relationships

According to Bowlby, an infant’s attachment relationships in early stages shape their internal working models about self, others, and relationships.
Signs of attachment emerge at around six months, including social referencing, separation anxiety, and stranger anxiety.
Ainsworth and colleagues identified four attachment patterns in babies: secure, insecure/resistant, insecure/avoidant, and disorganized/disoriented.
Research using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) found a link between parents' early attachment experiences and their children's attachment patterns.
Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher likelihood of insecure attachment due to risk factors such as poor parental education and drug use.
Secure attachment can occur despite poverty when parenting quality is good.
Dismissing attachment pattern is overrepresented among low-SES mothers, especially adolescent mothers.
Secure attachment is the most common pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures, with variations related to caregiving quality rather than cultural differences.
Insecure attachment classifications vary across cultures, with certain patterns being more prevalent in individualistic or collectivist cultures.
Attachment patterns are similar across different racial/ethnic groups in the United States.
Adult attachment patterns are cross-culturally universal.
Early separation from primary caregivers, such as hospitalization, has age-dependent effects on infants, with younger babies experiencing less distress from separation.

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Description

Test your knowledge of Attachment Theory and its impact on relationships with this quiz. Explore the key concepts, researchers, and findings related to infant and adult attachment patterns, cultural influences, and the effects of separation on infants.