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Questions and Answers
According to Harlow and Zimmerman's study, what did the infant monkeys primarily seek from the cloth mother?
According to Harlow and Zimmerman's study, what did the infant monkeys primarily seek from the cloth mother?
- Physical warmth
- Food and nourishment
- Contact comfort (correct)
- Security and protection
According to Bowlby's ethological theory, what is the purpose of infants' innate attachment-related behaviors?
According to Bowlby's ethological theory, what is the purpose of infants' innate attachment-related behaviors?
- To display independence
- To seek nourishment
- To establish dominance
- To elicit the mother's attention and care (correct)
According to Bowlby's theory, what is the purpose of the four stages of attachment that occur during the first two years of life?
According to Bowlby's theory, what is the purpose of the four stages of attachment that occur during the first two years of life?
- To assert dominance within the family
- To establish independence from the mother
- To ensure the survival of the infant (correct)
- To form social bonds with peers
What did Harlow and Zimmerman's study conclude about the importance of contact comfort in infant attachment?
What did Harlow and Zimmerman's study conclude about the importance of contact comfort in infant attachment?
What type of aggression is driven by anger and is done to hurt someone?
What type of aggression is driven by anger and is done to hurt someone?
At what age does physical instrumental aggression usually peak in children?
At what age does physical instrumental aggression usually peak in children?
Which emotion is more likely to induce the motivation to distance oneself from an event according to the study by Lickel and his colleagues?
Which emotion is more likely to induce the motivation to distance oneself from an event according to the study by Lickel and his colleagues?
What does the social information processing model propose as a cause of aggressive behavior in children?
What does the social information processing model propose as a cause of aggressive behavior in children?
What is the focus of much of the research on the role of shame and guilt?
What is the focus of much of the research on the role of shame and guilt?
What is the primary function of instrumental aggression?
What is the primary function of instrumental aggression?
What is the role of shame and guilt on the motivation of young adults to change as a person according to Lickel and colleagues' study?
What is the role of shame and guilt on the motivation of young adults to change as a person according to Lickel and colleagues' study?
What is the primary form of aggression evident in children until about 4 years of age according to studies?
What is the primary form of aggression evident in children until about 4 years of age according to studies?
What is the primary goal identified by aggressive children in the response search step according to the social information processing model?
What is the primary goal identified by aggressive children in the response search step according to the social information processing model?
What is the proposed cause of aggressive behavior in children according to Crick and Dodge's social information processing model?
What is the proposed cause of aggressive behavior in children according to Crick and Dodge's social information processing model?
What is the role of shame and guilt on the motivation of young adults to change as a person according to Lickel and colleagues' study?
What is the role of shame and guilt on the motivation of young adults to change as a person according to Lickel and colleagues' study?
What is the focus of much of the research on the role of shame and guilt?
What is the focus of much of the research on the role of shame and guilt?
At what age do children's emotions emerge in a predictable order?
At what age do children's emotions emerge in a predictable order?
When do infants start categorizing facial expressions of emotion?
When do infants start categorizing facial expressions of emotion?
When do infants show understanding of the affective meaning of facial expressions?
When do infants show understanding of the affective meaning of facial expressions?
At what age do negative emotions decrease and positive emotions remain stable or increase?
At what age do negative emotions decrease and positive emotions remain stable or increase?
What is the Positivity Effect in older adults related to?
What is the Positivity Effect in older adults related to?
When do infants exhibit stranger anxiety and disturbances at home?
When do infants exhibit stranger anxiety and disturbances at home?
When do infants start discriminating between some facial expressions?
When do infants start discriminating between some facial expressions?
At what age do researchers find increasing age associated with decreasing negative emotions and increasing positive emotions?
At what age do researchers find increasing age associated with decreasing negative emotions and increasing positive emotions?
When does recognition of facial expressions of emotion develop during infancy?
When does recognition of facial expressions of emotion develop during infancy?
At what age do infants exhibit a shift in preference for emotion expressions?
At what age do infants exhibit a shift in preference for emotion expressions?
What age range shows a predictable order of children's emotions, starting with primary emotions and progressing to self-conscious emotions?
What age range shows a predictable order of children's emotions, starting with primary emotions and progressing to self-conscious emotions?
When do infants start understanding the affective meaning of facial expressions?
When do infants start understanding the affective meaning of facial expressions?
What are signs of attachment in infants?
What are signs of attachment in infants?
How many attachment patterns were identified by Ainsworth and colleagues?
How many attachment patterns were identified by Ainsworth and colleagues?
What did research using the Adult Attachment Interview find regarding parents' early attachment experiences and their children's attachment patterns?
What did research using the Adult Attachment Interview find regarding parents' early attachment experiences and their children's attachment patterns?
What is the most common attachment pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures?
What is the most common attachment pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures?
What is the overrepresented attachment pattern among low-SES mothers, especially adolescent mothers?
What is the overrepresented attachment pattern among low-SES mothers, especially adolescent mothers?
What is the most prevalent insecure attachment pattern in individualistic cultures?
What is the most prevalent insecure attachment pattern in individualistic cultures?
What is the most prevalent insecure attachment pattern in collectivist cultures?
What is the most prevalent insecure attachment pattern in collectivist cultures?
Are there cultural differences in the relative rates of insecure attachment classifications?
Are there cultural differences in the relative rates of insecure attachment classifications?
Are attachment patterns similar or different across different racial/ethnic groups in the United States?
Are attachment patterns similar or different across different racial/ethnic groups in the United States?
Are adult attachment patterns cross-culturally universal?
Are adult attachment patterns cross-culturally universal?
Is there a relationship between the types and severity of the effects of separation of infants from their primary caregivers and the infant’s age?
Is there a relationship between the types and severity of the effects of separation of infants from their primary caregivers and the infant’s age?
For babies 7 months of age and younger, what was the effect of separation from their mothers?
For babies 7 months of age and younger, what was the effect of separation from their mothers?
According to Bowlby's ethological theory, how many stages of attachment occur during the first two years of life?
According to Bowlby's ethological theory, how many stages of attachment occur during the first two years of life?
What did Harlow and Zimmerman conclude about the importance of contact comfort in infant attachment?
What did Harlow and Zimmerman conclude about the importance of contact comfort in infant attachment?
What was the focus of the early research conducted by Harlow and Zimmerman?
What was the focus of the early research conducted by Harlow and Zimmerman?
According to Bowlby's ethological theory, what are the innate attachment-related behaviors of infants that elicit the mother’s attention and care?
According to Bowlby's ethological theory, what are the innate attachment-related behaviors of infants that elicit the mother’s attention and care?
At what age do infants begin to categorize facial expressions of emotion?
At what age do infants begin to categorize facial expressions of emotion?
When do infants start to discriminate between facial expressions of emotion?
When do infants start to discriminate between facial expressions of emotion?
When do children's emotions emerge in a predictable order, starting with primary emotions?
When do children's emotions emerge in a predictable order, starting with primary emotions?
At what age do infants begin to show understanding of the affective meaning of facial expressions?
At what age do infants begin to show understanding of the affective meaning of facial expressions?
When does longitudinal research show a decrease in negative emotions and stable or increasing positive emotions?
When does longitudinal research show a decrease in negative emotions and stable or increasing positive emotions?
What is the proposed cause of age-related changes in emotional memory, leading to a preference for positive information in older adults?
What is the proposed cause of age-related changes in emotional memory, leading to a preference for positive information in older adults?
At what age does recognition of facial expressions of emotion develop in infants?
At what age does recognition of facial expressions of emotion develop in infants?
What is the effect of health status on emotions after mid-60s?
What is the effect of health status on emotions after mid-60s?
When do infants begin to adjust easily to hospitalization?
When do infants begin to adjust easily to hospitalization?
When does the shift in preference for fearful expressions occur in infants?
When does the shift in preference for fearful expressions occur in infants?
What is the age range for the emergence of secondary emotions in children?
What is the age range for the emergence of secondary emotions in children?
According to research, when do negative emotions decrease and positive emotions remain stable or increase?
According to research, when do negative emotions decrease and positive emotions remain stable or increase?
What is the primary function of instrumental aggression?
What is the primary function of instrumental aggression?
What is the primary form of aggression evident in children until about 4 years of age according to studies?
What is the primary form of aggression evident in children until about 4 years of age according to studies?
What is the role of shame and guilt on the motivation of young adults to change as a person according to Lickel and colleagues' study?
What is the role of shame and guilt on the motivation of young adults to change as a person according to Lickel and colleagues' study?
What is the proposed cause of aggressive behavior in children according to Crick and Dodge's social information processing model?
What is the proposed cause of aggressive behavior in children according to Crick and Dodge's social information processing model?
What is the effect of health status on emotions after mid-60s?
What is the effect of health status on emotions after mid-60s?
At what age do children's emotions emerge in a predictable order?
At what age do children's emotions emerge in a predictable order?
What is the focus of much of the research on the role of shame and guilt?
What is the focus of much of the research on the role of shame and guilt?
When do infants start to discriminate between facial expressions of emotion?
When do infants start to discriminate between facial expressions of emotion?
What is the most common attachment pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures?
What is the most common attachment pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures?
What is the overrepresented attachment pattern among low-SES mothers, especially adolescent mothers?
What is the overrepresented attachment pattern among low-SES mothers, especially adolescent mothers?
What is the proposed cause of age-related changes in emotional memory, leading to a preference for positive information in older adults?
What is the proposed cause of age-related changes in emotional memory, leading to a preference for positive information in older adults?
What did Harlow and Zimmerman conclude about the importance of contact comfort in infant attachment?
What did Harlow and Zimmerman conclude about the importance of contact comfort in infant attachment?
What did Ainsworth and colleagues identify in babies?
What did Ainsworth and colleagues identify in babies?
What did research using the Adult Attachment Interview find regarding the link between parents' early attachment experiences and their children's attachment patterns?
What did research using the Adult Attachment Interview find regarding the link between parents' early attachment experiences and their children's attachment patterns?
What is associated with a higher likelihood of insecure attachment in infants?
What is associated with a higher likelihood of insecure attachment in infants?
In which situation can secure attachment occur despite poverty?
In which situation can secure attachment occur despite poverty?
Which attachment pattern is overrepresented among low-SES mothers, especially adolescent mothers?
Which attachment pattern is overrepresented among low-SES mothers, especially adolescent mothers?
What is the most common attachment pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures?
What is the most common attachment pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures?
Are attachment patterns similar or different across different racial/ethnic groups in the United States?
Are attachment patterns similar or different across different racial/ethnic groups in the United States?
Are adult attachment patterns cross-culturally universal?
Are adult attachment patterns cross-culturally universal?
At what age do signs of attachment, including social referencing and separation anxiety, emerge in infants?
At what age do signs of attachment, including social referencing and separation anxiety, emerge in infants?
What is the effect of early separation from primary caregivers, such as hospitalization, on infants?
What is the effect of early separation from primary caregivers, such as hospitalization, on infants?
What do attachment patterns vary across in terms of prevalence?
What do attachment patterns vary across in terms of prevalence?
What did Bowlby propose shapes an infant’s internal working models about self, others, and relationships?
What did Bowlby propose shapes an infant’s internal working models about self, others, and relationships?
Study Notes
Attachment Theory and its Impact on Relationships
- According to Bowlby, infants' attachment relationships lead to the development of internal working models affecting future relationships
- Signs of attachment include social referencing, separation anxiety, and stranger anxiety
- Ainsworth and colleagues identified four attachment patterns: secure, insecure/resistant, insecure/avoidant, and disorganized/disoriented
- Research using the Adult Attachment Interview found a relationship between parents' early attachment experiences and their children's attachment patterns
- Low-SES children are more likely to be insecurely attached due to risk factors associated with low SES such as poor parental education and parental drug use
- Dismissing attachment pattern is overrepresented among low-SES mothers, with the overrepresentation being greatest for low-SES adolescent mothers
- Secure attachment is the most common pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures, with variations related more to differences in caregiving quality than cultural differences
- There are cultural differences in the relative rates of insecure attachment classifications, with the insecure/avoidant pattern most prevalent in individualistic cultures and the insecure/resistant pattern most prevalent in collectivist cultures
- Attachment patterns are similar across different racial/ethnic groups in the United States
- Adult attachment patterns are cross-culturally universal
- Research on the effects of separation of infants from their primary caregivers found that the types and severity of the effects are related to the infant’s age
- For babies 7 months of age and younger, separation from their mothers caused little distress
Development of Emotions and Emotional Recognition in Infancy and Adulthood
- Schaffer and Callender found that babies under 7 months easily adjusted to hospitalization, while older infants experienced stranger anxiety and disturbances after hospitalization
- Children's emotions emerge in a predictable order: primary emotions from birth to 18 months, secondary emotions from 18 to 36 months
- Facial emotion recognition in infants develops around 5 to 7 months, with a shift in preference for fearful expressions around 7 months
- Infants begin to categorize facial expressions of emotion at about 7 months, recognizing similarities in expressions
- Infants show understanding of the affective meaning of facial expressions between 10 and 18 months
- Longitudinal research shows negative emotions decrease from early 20s to mid-60s, while positive emotions remain stable or increase
- Emotions after mid-60s are affected by health status, with inconsistent findings on negative emotions
- Age-related changes in emotional memory show a positivity effect in older adults, leading to a preference for and better memory of positive information
- Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) is used to explain the positivity effect in emotional memory
- Recognition of facial expressions of emotion is studied through looking-time and event-related-potential paradigms
- Facial emotion recognition in infants involves the ability to perceive emotions in facial expressions
- Infants begin to discriminate between facial expressions of emotion soon after birth, but reliable discrimination occurs at 5 to 7 months
Attachment Theory and Its Impact on Relationships
- According to Bowlby, an infant’s attachment relationships in early stages shape their internal working models about self, others, and relationships.
- Signs of attachment emerge at around six months, including social referencing, separation anxiety, and stranger anxiety.
- Ainsworth and colleagues identified four attachment patterns in babies: secure, insecure/resistant, insecure/avoidant, and disorganized/disoriented.
- Research using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) found a link between parents' early attachment experiences and their children's attachment patterns.
- Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher likelihood of insecure attachment due to risk factors such as poor parental education and drug use.
- Secure attachment can occur despite poverty when parenting quality is good.
- Dismissing attachment pattern is overrepresented among low-SES mothers, especially adolescent mothers.
- Secure attachment is the most common pattern in both Western and non-Western cultures, with variations related to caregiving quality rather than cultural differences.
- Insecure attachment classifications vary across cultures, with certain patterns being more prevalent in individualistic or collectivist cultures.
- Attachment patterns are similar across different racial/ethnic groups in the United States.
- Adult attachment patterns are cross-culturally universal.
- Early separation from primary caregivers, such as hospitalization, has age-dependent effects on infants, with younger babies experiencing less distress from separation.
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Description
Test your knowledge of Attachment Theory and its impact on relationships with this quiz. Explore the key concepts, researchers, and findings related to infant and adult attachment patterns, cultural influences, and the effects of separation on infants.
