60 Questions
What is the main purpose of the Strange Situation procedure?
To evaluate the quality of attachment in 1-2-year-olds
Which attachment classification describes infants who show little distress at separation and avoid contact with the caregiver upon return?
Insecure-Avoidant
What behavior is characteristic of infants classified as Insecure-Resistant?
Mixing proximity-seeking and angry behaviors upon return
What do infants classified as Disorganized/Disoriented typically display?
Confused and contradictory behaviors
Which cultural variation is mentioned in the text regarding attachment classifications?
Japan: Higher proportion of Resistant babies
According to Attachment Theory, which hypothesis suggests that most infants form a secure attachment relationship?
Normativity Hypothesis
According to Harlow's research, what did the infant monkeys prefer?
The cloth 'mother'
Which of the following is NOT one of Bowlby's phases of attachment?
Insecure attachment
What is the purpose of attachment, according to the text?
To serve as a secure base for exploration and a safe haven in distress
Which of the following is NOT an infant's attachment-related behavior mentioned in the text?
Insecure attachment behavior
Which theory did Bowlby's Attachment Theory draw from?
Psychoanalytic theory and ethology
Which of the following methods is used to assess individual differences in attachment?
Strange Situation Procedure
What character traits describe bold children?
Enjoy encountering new people/situations, not afraid to take risks
How do shy children typically respond to new activities?
They are low on approach and do not like new activities
What does adaptability refer to in terms of temperament?
How children respond to changes in daily routine
What characterizes children with extreme intensity?
Displaying loud and expressive emotional reactions
In terms of rhythm, what does it mean if a child's biological cycles are predictable?
The child eats and sleeps at the same time every day
How do children with low persistence typically react to challenges?
They are distressed and alarmed by challenges
How does parent-child goodness of fit affect the relationship?
It is positive if parents work with children and negative if parents work against them.
What might be a common misconception about difficult children?
They thrive in inconsistent parenting.
How does child temperament influence parental behavior?
Difficult children may lead parents to feel less effective.
What is a potential criticism of the study by Thomas and Chess (1986)?
Interviewers' familiarity with the children could have biased the results.
Which method helped refine parental reports in modern measurement techniques?
Adding data like frequency of actions instead of vague descriptions.
What type of bias is associated with all data being from parental reports?
Social desirability bias
What was one of the key findings from the study by Johnson, Dweck & Chen (2007)?
Insecurely attached infants formed different internal working models of attachment compared to securely attached infants.
Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of secure attachment in later development?
Higher academic achievement in school.
Based on the information provided, what did the longitudinal study by Kochanska (2001) find?
Insecurely attached children exhibited more negative emotions like fear and anger compared to securely attached children.
Which of the following is NOT considered an attachment behavior?
Excessive crying
Based on the information provided, what can be concluded about the development of attachment quality?
Attachment quality is a product of both the child's temperament and the parents' behavior.
What is the main focus of the section titled 'Outline' in the text?
Discussing the concept of temperament and related research.
Describe the characteristics of shy children in terms of approach and withdrawal.
Low on approach, High on withdrawal
What is the characteristic behavior of adaptive children when faced with changes in daily routine?
"Roll with the punches" attitude
Explain how children with extreme intensity react emotionally.
Exhibit extreme highs and lows
What does rhythm refer to in terms of child temperament?
How regular the child's biological cycles are
How do mellow children typically react emotionally?
Much more subdued reactions
Explain the concept of persistence in child temperament and how children with low persistence respond to challenges.
Persistence refers to how children respond to challenges; Children with low persistence give up easily or avoid challenges.
What are the key components of infants' models of attachment, as discussed by Johnson, Dweck & Chen (2007)?
Infants' models of attachment include social functioning and competence, emotional understanding, and self-regulation.
How did the longitudinal study by Kochanska (2001) differentiate between securely attached and insecurely attached children?
Insecurely attached children exhibited more negative emotions such as fear and anger compared to securely attached children.
What is temperament, and what do researchers generally agree upon about it?
Temperament refers to individual differences in behavioral styles and reactions. Researchers generally agree that temperament is a product of both parents and children.
What are the 9 dimensions of temperament outlined in the New York longitudinal study?
The 9 dimensions of temperament include activity level, rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal, adaptability, threshold of responsiveness, intensity of reaction, quality of mood, distractibility, and attention span/persistence.
What is the concept of 'goodness of fit' in relation to temperament?
Goodness of fit refers to the compatibility between a child's temperament and the demands of the environment or caregiver.
How does attachment quality vary according to the Competence Hypothesis Individ.Diff?
Attachment quality is viewed as a product of both parents' caregiving practices and the individual differences in infants' temperaments.
Describe the behavior of infants classified as Insecure-Avoidant.
Show little or no distress at separation, avoid contact with caregiver upon return
What are the key characteristics of infants classified as Insecure-Resistant?
REALLY distressed by separation, cannot be soothed by caregiver upon return
Explain the behavior displayed by infants classified as Disorganized/Disoriented.
Confused/contradictory behaviors, dazed, fearful facial expressions, frozen postures
What is the Secure attachment classification known for in infants?
Explore freely in caregiver's presence, visibly upset when caregiver leaves, greet warmly upon return, can be soothed by caregiver
What are the cultural variations mentioned in the text regarding attachment classifications?
Japan: Higher proportion of Resistant babies, N.Germany: Higher proportion of Avoidant babies
Discuss the hypotheses proposed by Attachment Theory according to the text.
Universality Hypothesis (all infants form an attachment), Normativity Hypothesis (most infants form a secure attachment), Sensitivity Hypothesis (individual differences)
How do children with high activity levels typically behave?
Kick, walk, run a lot, need relatively little sleep, hate bed time, fidget, can't sit still in class, play sports
What characterizes children with low activity levels?
Infants sit still while dressing, eating, sleeping, enjoy more quiet play, reading, and sleep more
What does it mean if a child has a high sensory threshold?
Can sleep through loud parties, ignores commotion in restaurants
How do children with low distractibility typically focus?
Infants focus on one toy for long periods, toddlers are difficult to distract from a desired toy, older children can read/study with a TV on
What is the response of persistent children to challenging problems?
Work hard on a challenging puzzle, practice a difficult skill rather than giving up, ask again to get what they want from parents
How do children with low persistence typically approach challenging problems?
Give up on challenging problems, decide they are just 'not good' at things, accept 'no' as the final answer from mom
How does child temperament influence how parents behave with their children?
Child temperament influences parents' behavior by affecting how effective they feel and how punitive they may become.
What are some criticisms of the study by Thomas and Chess (1986)?
Possible criticisms include 'Halo' effects due to the same interviewer talking to parents each time, social desirability bias from parental reports, and the potential for negativity bias.
How have modern measurement techniques refined parental reports?
Modern measurement techniques have refined parental reports by using more specific questions and supplementing with other methods like laboratory procedures and video-taped interviews.
What is the relationship between parent-child goodness of fit and the parent-child relationship?
Positive goodness of fit between parent and child leads to a more positive relationship, while negative goodness of fit can lead to a negative relationship.
How do parents typically respond to difficult children in terms of effectiveness and behavior?
Parents may feel less effective and may become more punitive towards difficult children.
What potential biases are associated with all data being from parental reports?
Social desirability bias and negativity bias are potential biases associated with all data being from parental reports.
Study Notes
Attachment Theory
- Attachment: an emotional connection between individuals, serving as a secure base for exploration and a safe haven in times of distress
- History of Attachment Theory:
- Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: importance of early parent-child relationships
- Harlow's reaction to Drive Reduction Theory: empirical test of whether the mother-child relationship develops from satisfied needs
- Bowlby's Attachment Theory: draws on Psychoanalytic theory, Ethology, and Harlow's research
- Phases of Attachment (Bowlby):
- Preattachment (birth to 6 weeks)
- Attachment in the making (6 weeks to 6-8 months)
- Clear-cut attachment (6-8 months to 18 months-2 years)
- Reciprocal relationships (2+ years)
Infant's Attachment-Related Behaviors
- Separation anxiety: distress when caregiver leaves
- Stranger anxiety: fear of unfamiliar adults
- Social referencing: looking to caregiver when unsure
- Greetings: reaction to caregiver after separation
- Secure base behavior: using caregiver as a "base of operations" to explore
Individual Differences in Attachment
- Methodologies:
- Strange Situation Procedure
- Laboratory Procedure
- Attachment Q-Set
- Naturalistic Observation
- Quality of attachment varies as a product of both parents and children
- Temperament influences how parents behave with their children
Temperament
- What is Temperament?
- 9 Dimensions of Temperament:
- Activity
- Adaptability
- Distractibility
- Intensity
- Persistence
- Rhythm
- Sensory threshold
- Temperament types:
- Bold children: high on approach, low on withdrawal
- Shy children: low on approach, high on withdrawal
- Goodness of fit between child and parent:
- Positive if parents work with children
- Negative if parents work against children
Hypotheses of Attachment Theory
- Universality Hypothesis: all infants form an attachment
- Normativity Hypothesis: most infants form a secure attachment relationship
- Sensitivity Hypothesis: individual differences in attachment predict future competence
Explore the history, individual differences, assessment, major hypotheses, and infant attachment in Attachment Theory. Understand the emotional connection, secure base for exploration, and safe haven concept in attachment. Learn about Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory and the importance of early parent-child relationships.
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