Attachment Styles and Adolescent Development
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Attachment Styles and Adolescent Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary challenge of adolescence according to Erikson?

  • Forming a clear sense of identity (correct)
  • Achieving financial independence
  • Establishing romantic relationships
  • Developing empathy towards others

    • What result arises from failure to resolve the identity crisis during adolescence?

  • Establishing a clear direction in life
  • Achieving identity achievement
  • Identity confusion leading to social isolation (correct)
  • Developing strong social connections

    • Which identity status involves a premature commitment to roles prescribed by others?

  • Identity achievement
  • Identity diffusion
  • Foreclosure (correct)
  • Moratorium

    • In the context of identity formation, what does moratorium refer to?

    <p>Engaging in experimentation with different roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson, what is the central concern during the intimacy vs isolation stage of adulthood?

    <p>Sharing intimacy with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage follows intimacy vs isolation in Erikson's theory of adult development?

    <p>Generativity vs Self-Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In late adulthood, what is the key conflict according to Erikson?

    <p>Integrity vs Despair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is identity formed during adolescence, according to the provided content?

    <p>By shaping personal beliefs through experiences and interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes securely attached infants?

    <p>They play and explore comfortably when their caregiver is present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attachment style is characterized by a lack of distress upon a caregiver's departure?

    <p>Avoidant attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Erik Erikson's theory differ from Freud's perspective on personality development?

    <p>Erikson believes personality development continues throughout the lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the behavior of anxious-ambivalent attachment?

    <p>They alternate between seeking and rejecting comfort from their caregiver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of disorganized attachment?

    <p>The child shows confusion about whether to approach the caregiver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main parenting styles identified by Baumrind?

    <p>Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Storm and Stress' refer to in the context of adolescence?

    <p>The natural moodiness and upheaval often associated with teenage years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is associated with infants showing secure attachment?

    <p>Resilience and self-reliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration of symptoms for a diagnosis of Schizophreniform disorder?

    <p>At least 1 month but less than 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of delusion is not commonly associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Anhedonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common type of hallucination experienced by individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Auditory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom best describes a lack of motivation in schizophrenia?

    <p>Avolition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is commonly associated with the disorganized thinking symptom in schizophrenia?

    <p>Word salad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural syndrome is described as a hysterical condition with strange and unpredictable behavior?

    <p>Amafufuyana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates schizoaffective disorder from schizophrenia?

    <p>Occurrence with mood episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Hallucination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following social factors can contribute to the development of psychopathology?

    <p>Access to medical aid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does socioeconomic status have on mental health?

    <p>It is a significant stressor affecting mental health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do inherited stereotypes affect mental health?

    <p>They can perpetuate stigma and misunderstanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the cultural context of psychopathology?

    <p>Cultural practices can shape the experience of psychological issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant barrier to accessing mental health services?

    <p>Limited number of clinical psychologists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect can facilitate stigma around mental health?

    <p>Negative societal perceptions of mental illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be a direct result of community violence?

    <p>Increased risk of psychopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misunderstanding occurs in Zulu and isiXhosa cultures regarding psychological issues?

    <p>Ukithwasa is mistaken for psychosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does despair involve overcoming?

    <p>The tendency to dwell on past mistakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage follows the germinal stage in prenatal development?

    <p>Embryonic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of attachment behaviours in infants?

    <p>To gain proximity to the caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by high standards and little warmth?

    <p>Authoritarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive development process allows infants to change and expand their schemas?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'conservation' refer to in cognitive development?

    <p>Understanding quantities remain the same despite changes in appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of development according to Piaget do children begin to use symbolic thought?

    <p>Preoperational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies the 'secure attachment' behavior in infants?

    <p>Seeking comfort and returning to play quickly after reunion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the psychosocial challenge encountered by toddlers in the second and third years of life?

    <p>Autonomy versus shame and doubt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'egocentrism' refer to in child development?

    <p>The focus on oneself to the exclusion of others' viewpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the process by which the zygote divides into identical cells?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the ability to mentally reverse actions or situations in children's thinking?

    <p>Reversibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes 'disorganized attachment' in infants?

    <p>Fear evident in the presence of the caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'higher mental functions' include, according to cognitive development?

    <p>Language-based mental tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Attachment Styles

    • Ainsworth identified three attachment styles: secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant
    • Secure attachment: infants explore comfortably with caregiver present, distressed when caregiver leaves, easily soothed upon return
    • Insecure-avoidant attachment: infants seek little contact with caregiver, not distressed when caregiver leaves, appear independent
    • Insecure-resistant attachment: infants upset when caregiver leaves, excessively protest, not comforted upon return, display ambivalent behavior
    • Disorganized attachment: infants show confusion about approaching caregiver, display marked fear in caregiver's presence

    Adolescence

    • Often considered a troublesome stage of development
    • "Storm and Stress": natural moodiness of adolescents
    • Growing argument that adolescence isn't necessarily traumatic
    • Adolescent experience varies across cultures, families, and individuals

    Personality Development (Freud & Erikson)

    • Freud: personality foundation laid by age 5
    • Erik Erikson: psychosocial development occurs across lifespan, influenced by social experiences
    • Erikson's 8 stages build upon each other, shaping development

    Parenting Styles (Baumrind)

    • Three main styles: permissive, authoritarian, authoritative
    • Permissive: warm and nurturing, few demands, rules not enforced
    • Authoritarian: strict, demanding, less warmth
    • Authoritative: firm but warm, open communication, clear expectations

    Adolescence - Identity vs. Confusion (Erikson, Stage 5)

    • Key challenge is forming a clear sense of identity
    • Identity: beliefs, values, guiding actions and behaviors
    • Exploration of behaviors and styles to shape a cohesive sense of self
    • Failure to resolve leads to identity confusion: social isolation or loss of identity in groups
    • Successful resolution leads to a settled, stable, and mature identity

    Identity Formation Patterns (Marcia)

    • Four identity statuses based on crisis and commitment:
      • Identity diffusion: lack of direction and apathy, no commitment
      • Foreclosure: premature commitment to a role prescribed by others
      • Moratorium: delaying commitment, experimenting with roles
      • Identity achievement: sense of self and direction after exploring options

    Early Adulthood - Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson, Stage 6)

    • Focus on ability to share intimacy, leading to empathy and openness
    • Building healthy relationships while maintaining a balanced sense of self

    Middle Adulthood - Generativity vs. Self-Absorption (Erikson, Stage 7)

    • Focus on contributing to society and future generations
    • Finding purpose and meaning beyond personal goals

    Late Adulthood (Erikson, Stage 8)

    • Retirement, economic adjustments, family and social roles, death and dying
    • Integrity vs. Despair: finding meaning in life, overcoming past regrets and accepting death
    • Key to achieving integrity: overcoming bitterness and resentment, finding satisfaction in life

    Cultural & Social Context in Psychopathology

    • Social factors contribute to development of psychopathology: socioeconomic status, access to resources, stigma, violence, substance use
    • Cultural beliefs and practices influence how individuals experience distress and make sense of psychological issues
    • SA is diverse: language, culture, religion impact psychopathology
    • Traditional healers play a significant role in managing mental health issues in many cultures

    Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

    • Includes: Delusional disorder, Brief psychotic disorder (less than 1 month), Schizophreniform disorder (1-6 months), Schizophrenia (1+ month), Schizoaffective disorder

    Symptoms of Schizophrenia

    • Delusions: fixed false beliefs, themes include persecution, reference, religion, grandeur
    • Hallucinations: sensory experiences, most common is auditory, can also be visual, kinesthetic, olfactory, gustatory
    • Disorganized Thinking: observable in speech (tangential, word salad, flight of ideas)
    • Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior: catatonia, psychomotor agitation/retardation
    • Negative Symptoms: avolition (lack of motivation), alogia (reduced speech), anhedonia (loss of pleasure)

    Culture-Bound Syndromes

    • Amafufuyana and ukuthwasa (Xhosa terms) may overlap with schizophrenia, but are not yet included in DSM
    • Cultural factors influence help-seeking behavior, and traditional healers play a key role in many cultures

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    Description

    This quiz explores attachment styles identified by Ainsworth, including secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized attachments. Additionally, it examines the complexities of adolescence, often viewed as a challenging stage of development, and how personality develops according to Freud and Erikson's theories.

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