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What is the primary challenge of adolescence according to Erikson?
What is the primary challenge of adolescence according to Erikson?
What result arises from failure to resolve the identity crisis during adolescence?
What result arises from failure to resolve the identity crisis during adolescence?
Which identity status involves a premature commitment to roles prescribed by others?
Which identity status involves a premature commitment to roles prescribed by others?
In the context of identity formation, what does moratorium refer to?
In the context of identity formation, what does moratorium refer to?
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According to Erikson, what is the central concern during the intimacy vs isolation stage of adulthood?
According to Erikson, what is the central concern during the intimacy vs isolation stage of adulthood?
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What stage follows intimacy vs isolation in Erikson's theory of adult development?
What stage follows intimacy vs isolation in Erikson's theory of adult development?
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In late adulthood, what is the key conflict according to Erikson?
In late adulthood, what is the key conflict according to Erikson?
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How is identity formed during adolescence, according to the provided content?
How is identity formed during adolescence, according to the provided content?
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What characterizes securely attached infants?
What characterizes securely attached infants?
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Which attachment style is characterized by a lack of distress upon a caregiver's departure?
Which attachment style is characterized by a lack of distress upon a caregiver's departure?
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How does Erik Erikson's theory differ from Freud's perspective on personality development?
How does Erik Erikson's theory differ from Freud's perspective on personality development?
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Which of the following describes the behavior of anxious-ambivalent attachment?
Which of the following describes the behavior of anxious-ambivalent attachment?
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What is a key aspect of disorganized attachment?
What is a key aspect of disorganized attachment?
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What are the three main parenting styles identified by Baumrind?
What are the three main parenting styles identified by Baumrind?
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What does 'Storm and Stress' refer to in the context of adolescence?
What does 'Storm and Stress' refer to in the context of adolescence?
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Which trait is associated with infants showing secure attachment?
Which trait is associated with infants showing secure attachment?
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What is the minimum duration of symptoms for a diagnosis of Schizophreniform disorder?
What is the minimum duration of symptoms for a diagnosis of Schizophreniform disorder?
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Which type of delusion is not commonly associated with schizophrenia?
Which type of delusion is not commonly associated with schizophrenia?
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What is a common type of hallucination experienced by individuals with schizophrenia?
What is a common type of hallucination experienced by individuals with schizophrenia?
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Which symptom best describes a lack of motivation in schizophrenia?
Which symptom best describes a lack of motivation in schizophrenia?
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What characteristic is commonly associated with the disorganized thinking symptom in schizophrenia?
What characteristic is commonly associated with the disorganized thinking symptom in schizophrenia?
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Which cultural syndrome is described as a hysterical condition with strange and unpredictable behavior?
Which cultural syndrome is described as a hysterical condition with strange and unpredictable behavior?
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What differentiates schizoaffective disorder from schizophrenia?
What differentiates schizoaffective disorder from schizophrenia?
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Which of the following is NOT a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is NOT a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
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Which of the following social factors can contribute to the development of psychopathology?
Which of the following social factors can contribute to the development of psychopathology?
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What effect does socioeconomic status have on mental health?
What effect does socioeconomic status have on mental health?
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How do inherited stereotypes affect mental health?
How do inherited stereotypes affect mental health?
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Which of the following is true about the cultural context of psychopathology?
Which of the following is true about the cultural context of psychopathology?
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What is a significant barrier to accessing mental health services?
What is a significant barrier to accessing mental health services?
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Which aspect can facilitate stigma around mental health?
Which aspect can facilitate stigma around mental health?
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Which of the following can be a direct result of community violence?
Which of the following can be a direct result of community violence?
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What common misunderstanding occurs in Zulu and isiXhosa cultures regarding psychological issues?
What common misunderstanding occurs in Zulu and isiXhosa cultures regarding psychological issues?
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What does despair involve overcoming?
What does despair involve overcoming?
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What stage follows the germinal stage in prenatal development?
What stage follows the germinal stage in prenatal development?
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What is the primary goal of attachment behaviours in infants?
What is the primary goal of attachment behaviours in infants?
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Which parenting style is characterized by high standards and little warmth?
Which parenting style is characterized by high standards and little warmth?
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Which cognitive development process allows infants to change and expand their schemas?
Which cognitive development process allows infants to change and expand their schemas?
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What does the term 'conservation' refer to in cognitive development?
What does the term 'conservation' refer to in cognitive development?
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In which stage of development according to Piaget do children begin to use symbolic thought?
In which stage of development according to Piaget do children begin to use symbolic thought?
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What signifies the 'secure attachment' behavior in infants?
What signifies the 'secure attachment' behavior in infants?
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What is the psychosocial challenge encountered by toddlers in the second and third years of life?
What is the psychosocial challenge encountered by toddlers in the second and third years of life?
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What does the concept of 'egocentrism' refer to in child development?
What does the concept of 'egocentrism' refer to in child development?
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What describes the process by which the zygote divides into identical cells?
What describes the process by which the zygote divides into identical cells?
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Which term describes the ability to mentally reverse actions or situations in children's thinking?
Which term describes the ability to mentally reverse actions or situations in children's thinking?
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What characterizes 'disorganized attachment' in infants?
What characterizes 'disorganized attachment' in infants?
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What does 'higher mental functions' include, according to cognitive development?
What does 'higher mental functions' include, according to cognitive development?
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Study Notes
Attachment Styles
- Ainsworth identified three attachment styles: secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant
- Secure attachment: infants explore comfortably with caregiver present, distressed when caregiver leaves, easily soothed upon return
- Insecure-avoidant attachment: infants seek little contact with caregiver, not distressed when caregiver leaves, appear independent
- Insecure-resistant attachment: infants upset when caregiver leaves, excessively protest, not comforted upon return, display ambivalent behavior
- Disorganized attachment: infants show confusion about approaching caregiver, display marked fear in caregiver's presence
Adolescence
- Often considered a troublesome stage of development
- "Storm and Stress": natural moodiness of adolescents
- Growing argument that adolescence isn't necessarily traumatic
- Adolescent experience varies across cultures, families, and individuals
Personality Development (Freud & Erikson)
- Freud: personality foundation laid by age 5
- Erik Erikson: psychosocial development occurs across lifespan, influenced by social experiences
- Erikson's 8 stages build upon each other, shaping development
Parenting Styles (Baumrind)
- Three main styles: permissive, authoritarian, authoritative
- Permissive: warm and nurturing, few demands, rules not enforced
- Authoritarian: strict, demanding, less warmth
- Authoritative: firm but warm, open communication, clear expectations
Adolescence - Identity vs. Confusion (Erikson, Stage 5)
- Key challenge is forming a clear sense of identity
- Identity: beliefs, values, guiding actions and behaviors
- Exploration of behaviors and styles to shape a cohesive sense of self
- Failure to resolve leads to identity confusion: social isolation or loss of identity in groups
- Successful resolution leads to a settled, stable, and mature identity
Identity Formation Patterns (Marcia)
- Four identity statuses based on crisis and commitment:
- Identity diffusion: lack of direction and apathy, no commitment
- Foreclosure: premature commitment to a role prescribed by others
- Moratorium: delaying commitment, experimenting with roles
- Identity achievement: sense of self and direction after exploring options
Early Adulthood - Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson, Stage 6)
- Focus on ability to share intimacy, leading to empathy and openness
- Building healthy relationships while maintaining a balanced sense of self
Middle Adulthood - Generativity vs. Self-Absorption (Erikson, Stage 7)
- Focus on contributing to society and future generations
- Finding purpose and meaning beyond personal goals
Late Adulthood (Erikson, Stage 8)
- Retirement, economic adjustments, family and social roles, death and dying
- Integrity vs. Despair: finding meaning in life, overcoming past regrets and accepting death
- Key to achieving integrity: overcoming bitterness and resentment, finding satisfaction in life
Cultural & Social Context in Psychopathology
- Social factors contribute to development of psychopathology: socioeconomic status, access to resources, stigma, violence, substance use
- Cultural beliefs and practices influence how individuals experience distress and make sense of psychological issues
- SA is diverse: language, culture, religion impact psychopathology
- Traditional healers play a significant role in managing mental health issues in many cultures
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
- Includes: Delusional disorder, Brief psychotic disorder (less than 1 month), Schizophreniform disorder (1-6 months), Schizophrenia (1+ month), Schizoaffective disorder
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
- Delusions: fixed false beliefs, themes include persecution, reference, religion, grandeur
- Hallucinations: sensory experiences, most common is auditory, can also be visual, kinesthetic, olfactory, gustatory
- Disorganized Thinking: observable in speech (tangential, word salad, flight of ideas)
- Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior: catatonia, psychomotor agitation/retardation
- Negative Symptoms: avolition (lack of motivation), alogia (reduced speech), anhedonia (loss of pleasure)
Culture-Bound Syndromes
- Amafufuyana and ukuthwasa (Xhosa terms) may overlap with schizophrenia, but are not yet included in DSM
- Cultural factors influence help-seeking behavior, and traditional healers play a key role in many cultures
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Description
This quiz explores attachment styles identified by Ainsworth, including secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized attachments. Additionally, it examines the complexities of adolescence, often viewed as a challenging stage of development, and how personality develops according to Freud and Erikson's theories.
