18 Questions
What is the term used to describe the ability of toddlers to understand that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible?
Object permanence
At what age do toddlers start to negotiate with their caregivers and use requests and persuasion to alter their goals?
Around 2 years old
What declines as toddlers develop a better understanding of their parents' coming and going, and are able to predict their return?
Separation protest
What concept describes the children using the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment?
Secure base
What is the term used to describe the phase where children construct an enduring affectionate tie with their attachment figures?
Reciprocal relationship
According to Bowlby, what do children construct based on their experiences with their caregivers?
An internal working model
What is the purpose of the Strange Situation laboratory technique?
Assessing the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age
How do securely attached infants and toddlers use their parents in the Strange Situation?
As a secure base from which to explore
What is the reaction of securely attached infants when separated from their parents in the Strange Situation?
They may or may not cry, but if they do, it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to the stranger
Describe the behavior of infants with avoidant attachment in the Strange Situation.
They seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present, and they are not distressed when she leaves
What are the three patterns of insecurity identified in the Strange Situation?
Avoidant attachment, resistant attachment, and disorganized attachment
How many short episodes does the Strange Situation take the baby through?
Eight
What are the built-in signals that help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans during the pre-attachment phase?
Grasping, smiling, crying, gazing into the adult's eyes
According to Bowlby, is feeding the basis of attachment between an infant and a caregiver?
No
What are the four phases of attachment development according to Bowlby?
- Preattachment phase 2. Attachment-in-the-making phase 3. Clear-cut attachment phase 4. Formation of a reciprocal relationship
What are the innate signals that call the adult to the baby's side in the beginning of the infant's relationship with the parent?
Set of built-in behaviors
What did Bowlby believe is the basis of attachment between an infant and a caregiver?
Attachment bond with strong biological roots
How does attachment develop over time according to Bowlby?
True affectionate bond forms, supported by new emotional and cognitive capacities
Study Notes
Measuring the Security of Attachment
- The Strange Situation is a laboratory technique used to assess the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age.
- The Strange Situation involves eight short episodes of brief separations from and reunions with the caregiver.
- Securely attached infants and toddlers use the parent as a secure base to explore in an unfamiliar playroom.
- When separated, securely attached infants may or may not cry, but they prefer their parent to a stranger.
- When the parent returns, securely attached infants actively seek contact and their crying is reduced immediately.
Attachment Patterns
- There are three patterns of insecurity in attachment: avoidant, secure, and a few babies cannot be classified.
- Avoidant attachment: infants seem unresponsive to the parent when present, are not distressed when the parent leaves, and react to the stranger in the same way as to the parent.
Formation of a Reciprocal Relationship
- By 18 months to 2 years, rapid growth in representation and language permits toddlers to understand factors influencing parent's coming and going.
- Toddlers start to negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter their goals.
- Children depend less on physical proximity of caregivers and more on a sense of confidence that they will be accessible and responsive in times of need.
Internal Working Model
- The internal working model is an enduring affectionate tie that children use as a secure base in the parent's absence.
- This internal working model serves as a guide for all future close relationships.
- It is formed through experiences during four phases: pre-attachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, and formation of a reciprocal relationship.
Phases of Attachment
- Preattachment phase (birth-6 weeks): built-in signals like grasping, smiling, crying, and gazing help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans.
- Attachment-in-the-making phase: a true affectionate bond forms, supported by new emotional and cognitive capacities.
- Clear-cut attachment phase: children use the parent as a secure base.
- Formation of a reciprocal relationship phase: children negotiate with the caregiver and depend less on physical proximity.
Learn about the assessment of attachment security in children, focusing on the Strange Situation laboratory technique developed by Mary Ainsworth. Understand how children update their internal working models as they grow and interact with others.
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