Atropine
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a common medical use of atropine?

  • Treatment of asthma
  • Treatment of diabetes
  • Treatment of bradycardia (correct)
  • Treatment of hypertension

    • What is the primary mechanism of action of atropine?

  • Inhibition of adrenaline production
  • Stimulation of acetylcholine release
  • Blocking of acetylcholine receptors (correct)
  • Enhancement of dopamine signaling

    • Which of the following conditions would be least likely to benefit from atropine administration?

  • Sinus bradycardia
  • Peptic ulcer disease (correct)
  • Organophosphate poisoning
  • Motion sickness

    • Which of the following is a contraindication for atropine administration?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is commonly associated with anticholinergic drugs like atropine?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following conditions should atropine be used with caution?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential side effect of ferrous sulfate replacement therapy?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vitamin K in iron replacement therapy?

    <p>Reduces iron absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is associated with iron replacement therapy?

    <p>Hemosiderosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of inhaled glucocorticoids?

    <p>Oral thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of IV glucocorticoids in status asthmaticus?

    <p>Active tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included in patient teaching regarding albuterol use?

    <p>Avoid excessive use to prevent rebound bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of inhaled glucocorticoids?

    <p>Oropharyngeal candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which form of glucocorticoid administration is a contraindication for patients with systemic fungal infections most relevant?

    <p>Inhaled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect that requires patient teaching for individuals using albuterol?

    <p>Tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken if the heart rate increases by 25 bpm while taking albuterol?

    <p>Notify the health care provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient's heart rate increases by 35 bpm while on albuterol, what should be done?

    <p>Seek immediate medical attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate response if the heart rate increases by 15 bpm while on albuterol?

    <p>Monitor closely and notify the health care provider if it continues to rise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients on albuterol avoid?

    <p>High doses of caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the angiotensin receptor blocker medications?

    <p>Losartan and Valsartan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nursing interventions for angiotensin receptor blockers?

    <p>Monitoring for signs of hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients on albuterol avoid?

    <p>Avoid high-potassium foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the angiotensin receptor blocker medications?

    <p>Losartan, Valsartan, Irbesartan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nursing interventions for angiotensin receptor blockers?

    <p>Monitor for signs of hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients on albuterol avoid?

    <p>Avoid excessive use of over-the-counter cold medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an angiotensin receptor blocker medication?

    <p>Losartan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nursing interventions for angiotensin receptor blockers?

    <p>Monitor blood pressure and potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should angiotensin receptor blockers be taken?

    <p>At any time of the day, regardless of meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adverse effect commonly associated with angiotensin receptor blockers?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored for patients taking angiotensin receptor blockers?

    <p>Kidney function and potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should nitroglycerin be taken?

    <p>At the onset of chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin?

    <p>Dilating blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nursing actions of nitroglycerin transdermal patches?

    <p>Rotate application sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of nitroglycerin?

    <p>Vasodilation of coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should nitroglycerin be taken?

    <p>At the onset of chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common medical use of atropine?

    <p>Treatment of bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action before calling 9-1-1 when taking nitroglycerin?

    <p>Take three doses of nitroglycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form is nitroglycerin typically available in?

    <p>Tablet form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for nitroglycerin use?

    <p>Severe anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action before calling 9-1-1 when taking nitroglycerin?

    <p>Take three doses of nitroglycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form is nitroglycerin commonly available?

    <p>Tablet form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the contraindications for nitroglycerin use?

    <p>Hypotension and use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of Meniere’s disease?

    <p>Tinnitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential trigger for Meniere’s disease?

    <p>Loud noises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common medication used in the treatment of Meniere’s disease?

    <p>Antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of pyelonephritis?

    <p>Dysuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of education to prevent UTIs?

    <p>Reducing caffeine intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of pyelonephritis?

    <p>CVA tenderness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a precursor to osteoporosis?

    <p>Osteopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with osteoporosis?

    <p>Fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best form of vitamin D for preventing osteoporosis?

    <p>Sunlight exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of women is at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis?

    <p>Caucasian women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of DEXA scans in relation to osteoporosis?

    <p>To measure bone density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of osteoporosis?

    <p>Greater osteoclast activity than osteoblast activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis?

    <p>Postmenopausal women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic tests are recommended for diagnosing osteoporosis?

    <p>Vitamin D and calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key factor to look for in diagnosing osteoporosis?

    <p>Hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutrient should be considered in diagnosing osteoporosis?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a relevant diagnostic indicator for osteoporosis?

    <p>Erythrocyte sedimentation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about bisphosphonates?

    <p>They are prescribed for osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of bisphosphonates?

    <p>Inhibit osteoclast activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition are bisphosphonates commonly prescribed for?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are signs and symptoms associated with osteoporosis?

    <p>Bone pain, frequent fractures, loss of height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common laboratory findings associated with osteomyelitis?

    <p>High white blood cell count, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased C-reactive protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which patients is osteomyelitis most common?

    <p>Patients with diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signs and symptoms are associated with osteomyelitis?

    <p>Fever and tenderness at the site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gold standard for osteomyelitis diagnosis?

    <p>Bone biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bones are most commonly affected by osteomyelitis?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are signs and symptoms associated with osteomyelitis?

    <p>Nausea, tenderness, warmth at the site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary medication prescribed for osteomyelitis?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing a patient with osteomyelitis, what should be ensured through a neurological assessment?

    <p>Adequate blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred medication for treating Paget's disease?

    <p>Zoledronic acid IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for nerve pain associated with Paget's disease?

    <p>Opioids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of calcitonin in the treatment of Paget's disease?

    <p>Decreases osteoclast activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for osteomyelitis if MRSA is suspected?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients post total hip or total knee replacement surgeries avoid for 2-3 months post-surgery?

    <p>Hip flexion less than 90 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended therapy for treating and preventing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Low molecular weight heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action patients following hip fracture surgery should take within 6 hours of their surgery?

    <p>Begin walking from bed to chair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered before giving antibiotics to patients?

    <p>Kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred medication for treating Paget's disease?

    <p>Zoledronic acid IV infusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment for nerve pain associated with Paget's disease?

    <p>Gabapentin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom experienced by patients with Paget's disease?

    <p>Pain that worsens at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for osteomyelitis unless MRSA is suspected?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the risk of developing cataracts?

    <p>Long-term exposure to UV light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is at a higher risk of developing cataracts?

    <p>African American and Hispanic descent individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases a patient's risk of developing cataracts?

    <p>History of previous eye issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors increases a patient's risk of developing cataracts?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known risk factor for developing cataracts?

    <p>Steroid use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition increases a patient's risk of developing cataracts?

    <p>Previous eye issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign or symptom associated with cataracts?

    <p>Difficulty seeing at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vision problem is commonly associated with cataracts?

    <p>Halos around lights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common visual experience for someone with cataracts?

    <p>Fading or yellowing of colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign or symptom associated with cataracts?

    <p>Difficulty seeing at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common visual experience for someone with cataracts?

    <p>Seeing halos around lights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign and symptom associated with osteomyelitis?

    <p>Localized warmth and swelling over the affected bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients post cataract surgery do to prevent constipation?

    <p>Increase fiber intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor associated with developing glaucoma?

    <p>Prolonged corticosteroid use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign and symptom of acute angle glaucoma?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What position should patients be placed in after cataract surgery?

    <p>Head of the bed elevated 30-45 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is at risk of developing glaucoma?

    <p>Those with prolonged corticosteroid use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of acute angle glaucoma?

    <p>Redness of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk factor for developing glaucoma?

    <p>Family history of glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign or symptom associated with acute angle glaucoma?

    <p>Sudden onset of visual problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended post-operative precaution for patients after cataract surgery?

    <p>Wearing protective sunglasses in sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macular degeneration is characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina?

    <p>Wet macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macular degeneration is more common but progresses more slowly?

    <p>Dry macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macular degeneration is associated with the thinning and atrophy of the macula?

    <p>Dry macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macular degeneration involves a quick loss of central vision?

    <p>Wet macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of dry macular degeneration?

    <p>Peripheral vision loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vision difficulty is associated with wet macular degeneration?

    <p>Blurred central vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign or symptom of macular degeneration?

    <p>Seeing straight lines that appear distorted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common visual difficulty associated with macular degeneration?

    <p>Tunnel vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of macular degeneration affecting color perception?

    <p>Diminished or changed color perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are signs and symptoms of corneal abrasions?

    <p>Blurred vision, halos around lights, and eye pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are signs and symptoms of vertigo?

    <p>Sensation of spinning, light-headedness, and hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical triad of Meniere's disease?

    <p>Tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic clinical triad of Meniere's disease?

    <p>Tinnitus, vertigo, and sensorineural hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment for acute vertigo associated with Meniere's disease?

    <p>Meclizine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common dietary recommendation for managing Meniere's disease?

    <p>Low-sodium diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of amiodarone?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference in the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)?

    <p>Immediate administration of fibrinolytics in STEMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of amiodarone therapy that is particularly concerning in the context of coronary artery disease?

    <p>QT interval prolongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for hematocrit levels in adult males?

    <p>40-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the normal arterial blood gas (ABG) values for pH in the body?

    <p>7.35-7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for hematocrit levels in adult females?

    <p>35-45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Increased bicarbonate reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic breathing pattern associated with metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Kussmaul breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average hemoglobin value for adult females?

    <p>12-16 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average hemoglobin value for adult males?

    <p>14-18 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical hemoglobin range for both adult males and females?

    <p>10-18 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hemolytic transfusion reactions?

    <p>Mismatched blood transfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a febrile transfusion reaction?

    <p>Hypersensitivity to leukocytes in the donor blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an allergic transfusion reaction?

    <p>Hypersensitivity to donor plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Atropine and Its Uses

    • Commonly used to treat bradycardia (slow heart rate).
    • Primary mechanism of action is as an anticholinergic, blocking acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors.
    • Least beneficial in patients with urinary retention due to obstruction.
    • Contraindicated in patients with glaucoma, as it can increase intraocular pressure.
    • Common effects of anticholinergic drugs include dry mouth, blurred vision, and urinary retention.
    • Should be used with caution in patients with existing cardiac conditions.

    Iron Replacement Therapy

    • Potential side effects of ferrous sulfate include gastrointestinal upset and constipation.
    • Vitamin K plays a role in iron metabolism and aiding blood clotting but is not directly linked to iron replacement.
    • Complications of iron replacement therapy may include iron overload, which can damage organs.

    Glucocorticoids

    • Common adverse effects of inhaled glucocorticoids are oral thrush and hoarseness.
    • IV glucocorticoids are contraindicated in patients with systemic fungal infections due to immune suppression.
    • Patient teaching for albuterol includes inhalation technique and recognizing side effects like increased heart rate.
    • If heart rate increases by 25 bpm, patients should monitor and consult their doctor.
    • A 35 bpm increase in heart rate warrants immediate medical evaluation.
    • A 15 bpm increase may not require action but should be monitored.
    • Patients should avoid other sympathomimetics and caffeine while on albuterol.

    Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    • Common medications include losartan, valsartan, and irbesartan.
    • Nursing interventions include monitoring blood pressure and renal function.
    • ARBs should be taken at the same time daily to maintain consistent blood levels.
    • Adverse effects may include dizziness and hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).
    • Monitoring electrolyte levels is crucial for patients taking ARBs.

    Nitroglycerin

    • Should be taken at the onset of angina symptoms.
    • Mechanism of action involves vasodilation, reducing myocardial oxygen demand.
    • Nursing actions for transdermal patches include rotating sites and ensuring skin is clean and dry.
    • Taking nitroglycerin sublingually often precedes calling emergency services (911) if symptoms persist.
    • Typically available in sublingual tablets, transdermal patches, and sprays.
    • Contraindicated in patients taking phosphodiesterase inhibitors for erectile dysfunction.

    Meniere’s Disease

    • Common symptoms include vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.
    • Potential triggers are stress, caffeine, and high sodium intake.
    • Medications such as diuretics are commonly used in treatment.

    Pyelonephritis and UTIs

    • Symptoms of pyelonephritis include flank pain, fever, and urinary urgency.
    • Education for UTI prevention includes hydration and proper hygiene.
    • Signs of pyelonephritis can include fever and costovertebral angle tenderness.

    Osteoporosis

    • Key precursor factors include age and hormonal changes, particularly post-menopause.
    • Risks associated with osteoporosis encompass fractures, particularly hip and vertebral.
    • Common treatment options include bisphosphonates for bone density preservation.
    • DEXA scans assess bone density and diagnose osteoporosis.
    • Nutritional considerations include adequate calcium and vitamin D intake.

    Osteomyelitis

    • Commonly associated with staphylococcal infections, especially in diabetic patients.
    • Symptoms include pain, swelling, fever, and localized redness.
    • Gold standard for diagnosis includes MRI or biopsy.
    • Typically affects long bones and the spine.

    Paget's Disease

    • Preferred medications for treatment include bisphosphonates and calcitonin.
    • The primary effect of calcitonin is to regulate calcium levels and inhibit bone resorption.
    • Initial treatment for nerve pain often involves analgesics or anti-inflammatories.

    Cataracts

    • Risk factors for developing cataracts include aging, diabetes, and long-term steroid use.
    • Symptoms can include blurred vision, halos around lights, and difficulty seeing at night.
    • Post-surgery care includes avoiding constipation and maintaining proper hydration.

    General Medical Guidance

    • Patients recovering from total hip or knee replacements should avoid high-impact activities for at least 2-3 months.
    • Deep vein thrombosis prevention includes early ambulation and use of anticoagulants if prescribed.
    • Recommended therapy for managing pain post-surgery or injury often includes a combination of medications and physical therapy.

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    Test your knowledge of atropine with this quiz. Explore its common medical uses, primary mechanism of action, and conditions that are least likely to benefit from atropine administration.

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