Atropine
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a common medical use of atropine?

  • Treatment of asthma
  • Treatment of diabetes
  • Treatment of bradycardia (correct)
  • Treatment of hypertension

What is the primary mechanism of action of atropine?

  • Inhibition of adrenaline production
  • Stimulation of acetylcholine release
  • Blocking of acetylcholine receptors (correct)
  • Enhancement of dopamine signaling

Which of the following conditions would be least likely to benefit from atropine administration?

  • Sinus bradycardia
  • Peptic ulcer disease (correct)
  • Organophosphate poisoning
  • Motion sickness

Which of the following is a contraindication for atropine administration?

<p>Glaucoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects is commonly associated with anticholinergic drugs like atropine?

<p>Dry mouth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following conditions should atropine be used with caution?

<p>Hyperthyroidism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of ferrous sulfate replacement therapy?

<p>Constipation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamin K in iron replacement therapy?

<p>Reduces iron absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following complications is associated with iron replacement therapy?

<p>Hemosiderosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of inhaled glucocorticoids?

<p>Oral thrush (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of IV glucocorticoids in status asthmaticus?

<p>Active tuberculosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in patient teaching regarding albuterol use?

<p>Avoid excessive use to prevent rebound bronchoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of inhaled glucocorticoids?

<p>Oropharyngeal candidiasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which form of glucocorticoid administration is a contraindication for patients with systemic fungal infections most relevant?

<p>Inhaled (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect that requires patient teaching for individuals using albuterol?

<p>Tremors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if the heart rate increases by 25 bpm while taking albuterol?

<p>Notify the health care provider (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient's heart rate increases by 35 bpm while on albuterol, what should be done?

<p>Seek immediate medical attention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate response if the heart rate increases by 15 bpm while on albuterol?

<p>Monitor closely and notify the health care provider if it continues to rise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients on albuterol avoid?

<p>High doses of caffeine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the angiotensin receptor blocker medications?

<p>Losartan and Valsartan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the nursing interventions for angiotensin receptor blockers?

<p>Monitoring for signs of hyperkalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients on albuterol avoid?

<p>Avoid high-potassium foods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the angiotensin receptor blocker medications?

<p>Losartan, Valsartan, Irbesartan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the nursing interventions for angiotensin receptor blockers?

<p>Monitor for signs of hyperkalemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients on albuterol avoid?

<p>Avoid excessive use of over-the-counter cold medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an angiotensin receptor blocker medication?

<p>Losartan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the nursing interventions for angiotensin receptor blockers?

<p>Monitor blood pressure and potassium levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should angiotensin receptor blockers be taken?

<p>At any time of the day, regardless of meals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an adverse effect commonly associated with angiotensin receptor blockers?

<p>Hyperkalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored for patients taking angiotensin receptor blockers?

<p>Kidney function and potassium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should nitroglycerin be taken?

<p>At the onset of chest pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin?

<p>Dilating blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the nursing actions of nitroglycerin transdermal patches?

<p>Rotate application sites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of nitroglycerin?

<p>Vasodilation of coronary arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should nitroglycerin be taken?

<p>At the onset of chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common medical use of atropine?

<p>Treatment of bradycardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action before calling 9-1-1 when taking nitroglycerin?

<p>Take three doses of nitroglycerin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form is nitroglycerin typically available in?

<p>Tablet form (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for nitroglycerin use?

<p>Severe anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action before calling 9-1-1 when taking nitroglycerin?

<p>Take three doses of nitroglycerin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what form is nitroglycerin commonly available?

<p>Tablet form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for nitroglycerin use?

<p>Hypotension and use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of Meniere’s disease?

<p>Tinnitus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential trigger for Meniere’s disease?

<p>Loud noises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common medication used in the treatment of Meniere’s disease?

<p>Antipsychotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of pyelonephritis?

<p>Dysuria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of education to prevent UTIs?

<p>Reducing caffeine intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of pyelonephritis?

<p>CVA tenderness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a precursor to osteoporosis?

<p>Osteopenia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with osteoporosis?

<p>Fractures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

<p>Antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best form of vitamin D for preventing osteoporosis?

<p>Sunlight exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of women is at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis?

<p>Caucasian women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of DEXA scans in relation to osteoporosis?

<p>To measure bone density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of osteoporosis?

<p>Greater osteoclast activity than osteoblast activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis?

<p>Postmenopausal women (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic tests are recommended for diagnosing osteoporosis?

<p>Vitamin D and calcium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key factor to look for in diagnosing osteoporosis?

<p>Hematocrit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nutrient should be considered in diagnosing osteoporosis?

<p>Vitamin D (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a relevant diagnostic indicator for osteoporosis?

<p>Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about bisphosphonates?

<p>They are prescribed for osteoporosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of bisphosphonates?

<p>Inhibit osteoclast activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition are bisphosphonates commonly prescribed for?

<p>Osteoporosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are signs and symptoms associated with osteoporosis?

<p>Bone pain, frequent fractures, loss of height (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common laboratory findings associated with osteomyelitis?

<p>High white blood cell count, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased C-reactive protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which patients is osteomyelitis most common?

<p>Patients with diabetes mellitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signs and symptoms are associated with osteomyelitis?

<p>Fever and tenderness at the site (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard for osteomyelitis diagnosis?

<p>Bone biopsy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bones are most commonly affected by osteomyelitis?

<p>Long bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are signs and symptoms associated with osteomyelitis?

<p>Nausea, tenderness, warmth at the site (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary medication prescribed for osteomyelitis?

<p>Antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assessing a patient with osteomyelitis, what should be ensured through a neurological assessment?

<p>Adequate blood flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred medication for treating Paget's disease?

<p>Zoledronic acid IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for nerve pain associated with Paget's disease?

<p>Opioids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of calcitonin in the treatment of Paget's disease?

<p>Decreases osteoclast activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for osteomyelitis if MRSA is suspected?

<p>Vancomycin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients post total hip or total knee replacement surgeries avoid for 2-3 months post-surgery?

<p>Hip flexion less than 90 degrees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended therapy for treating and preventing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism?

<p>Low molecular weight heparin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action patients following hip fracture surgery should take within 6 hours of their surgery?

<p>Begin walking from bed to chair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered before giving antibiotics to patients?

<p>Kidney function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred medication for treating Paget's disease?

<p>Zoledronic acid IV infusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial treatment for nerve pain associated with Paget's disease?

<p>Gabapentin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom experienced by patients with Paget's disease?

<p>Pain that worsens at night (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for osteomyelitis unless MRSA is suspected?

<p>Penicillin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases the risk of developing cataracts?

<p>Long-term exposure to UV light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is at a higher risk of developing cataracts?

<p>African American and Hispanic descent individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increases a patient's risk of developing cataracts?

<p>History of previous eye issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors increases a patient's risk of developing cataracts?

<p>Diabetes mellitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known risk factor for developing cataracts?

<p>Steroid use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition increases a patient's risk of developing cataracts?

<p>Previous eye issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign or symptom associated with cataracts?

<p>Difficulty seeing at night (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vision problem is commonly associated with cataracts?

<p>Halos around lights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common visual experience for someone with cataracts?

<p>Fading or yellowing of colors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign or symptom associated with cataracts?

<p>Difficulty seeing at night (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common visual experience for someone with cataracts?

<p>Seeing halos around lights (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign and symptom associated with osteomyelitis?

<p>Localized warmth and swelling over the affected bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients post cataract surgery do to prevent constipation?

<p>Increase fiber intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor associated with developing glaucoma?

<p>Prolonged corticosteroid use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign and symptom of acute angle glaucoma?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What position should patients be placed in after cataract surgery?

<p>Head of the bed elevated 30-45 degrees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is at risk of developing glaucoma?

<p>Those with prolonged corticosteroid use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of acute angle glaucoma?

<p>Redness of the eye (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk factor for developing glaucoma?

<p>Family history of glaucoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign or symptom associated with acute angle glaucoma?

<p>Sudden onset of visual problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended post-operative precaution for patients after cataract surgery?

<p>Wearing protective sunglasses in sunlight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of macular degeneration is characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina?

<p>Wet macular degeneration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of macular degeneration is more common but progresses more slowly?

<p>Dry macular degeneration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of macular degeneration is associated with the thinning and atrophy of the macula?

<p>Dry macular degeneration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of macular degeneration involves a quick loss of central vision?

<p>Wet macular degeneration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of dry macular degeneration?

<p>Peripheral vision loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vision difficulty is associated with wet macular degeneration?

<p>Blurred central vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign or symptom of macular degeneration?

<p>Seeing straight lines that appear distorted (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common visual difficulty associated with macular degeneration?

<p>Tunnel vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of macular degeneration affecting color perception?

<p>Diminished or changed color perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of corneal abrasions?

<p>Blurred vision, halos around lights, and eye pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of vertigo?

<p>Sensation of spinning, light-headedness, and hearing loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical triad of Meniere's disease?

<p>Tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic clinical triad of Meniere's disease?

<p>Tinnitus, vertigo, and sensorineural hearing loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial treatment for acute vertigo associated with Meniere's disease?

<p>Meclizine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common dietary recommendation for managing Meniere's disease?

<p>Low-sodium diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of amiodarone?

<p>Hypothyroidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference in the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)?

<p>Immediate administration of fibrinolytics in STEMI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of amiodarone therapy that is particularly concerning in the context of coronary artery disease?

<p>QT interval prolongation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for hematocrit levels in adult males?

<p>40-50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the normal arterial blood gas (ABG) values for pH in the body?

<p>7.35-7.45 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for hematocrit levels in adult females?

<p>35-45% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of respiratory alkalosis?

<p>Hyperventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis?

<p>Increased bicarbonate reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic breathing pattern associated with metabolic acidosis?

<p>Kussmaul breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average hemoglobin value for adult females?

<p>12-16 g/dL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average hemoglobin value for adult males?

<p>14-18 g/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical hemoglobin range for both adult males and females?

<p>10-18 g/dL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hemolytic transfusion reactions?

<p>Mismatched blood transfusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a febrile transfusion reaction?

<p>Hypersensitivity to leukocytes in the donor blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes an allergic transfusion reaction?

<p>Hypersensitivity to donor plasma proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bradycardia

A condition where the heart beats too slowly.

Anticholinergic

A medication that blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors.

Atropine mechanism of action

Atropine is a medication that blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors.

Atropine and urinary retention

Atropine is not effective in treating urinary retention due to a blockage in the urinary tract.

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Atropine and glaucoma

Atropine should not be used in patients with glaucoma because it can increase pressure in the eye.

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Anticholinergic side effects

Dry mouth, blurred vision, and urinary retention are common side effects of anticholinergics, such as atropine.

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Atropine and cardiac conditions

Patients with existing heart conditions should be cautious when using atropine.

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Iron Supplement side effects

A common side effect of iron supplementation is upset stomach and difficulty passing stool.

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Iron overload

Iron overload can damage organs, a potential complication of iron replacement therapy.

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Inhaled glucocorticoid side effects

Inhaled glucocorticoids can cause oral thrush (fungal infection in the mouth) and hoarseness.

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Glucocorticoids and fungal infections

IV glucocorticoids are not recommended for patients with systemic fungal infections due to the risk of weakening the immune system.

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Albuterol patient teaching

Albuterol is a medication used to open airways in the lungs. Teach patients to use the inhaler correctly and be aware of side effects such as increased heart rate.

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Albuterol heart rate monitoring

If a patient's heart rate increases by 25 bpm or more while on albuterol, monitor the situation and consult the doctor.

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Albuterol heart rate emergency

If a patient's heart rate increases by 35 bpm or more while on albuterol, seek medical attention immediately.

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Albuterol heart rate monitoring

If a patient's heart rate increases by 15 bpm while on albuterol, monitor the situation, but it may not require immediate action.

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Albuterol interactions

Avoid stimulants like caffeine and other sympathomimetics while using albuterol.

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Common ARBs

Commonly prescribed ARBs include losartan, valsartan, and irbesartan.

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ARB mechanism of action

ARBs are medications that block the action of angiotensin II, a substance that constricts blood vessels.

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ARB nursing interventions

When taking ARBs, monitor blood pressure and kidney function regularly.

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ARB timing

ARBs should be taken at the same time each day to maintain consistent levels in the body.

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ARB side effects

Dizziness and high potassium levels (hyperkalemia) are possible side effects of ARBs.

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ARB electrolyte monitoring

It's crucial to monitor electrolyte levels, especially potassium, in patients taking ARBs.

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Nitroglycerin

Nitroglycerin is a medication used to relieve chest pain (angina) by widening blood vessels.

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Nitroglycerin timing

Take nitroglycerin at the first sign of angina symptoms.

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Nitroglycerin mechanism

Nitroglycerin works by dilating blood vessels, reducing the heart's workload and oxygen demand.

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Nitroglycerin patch application

When applying nitroglycerin patches, rotate application sites and ensure the skin is clean and dry.

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Nitroglycerin and emergency response

If chest pain continues despite taking nitroglycerin sublingually, call emergency services immediately.

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Meniere's Disease

Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of dizziness, ringing in the ears, and hearing loss.

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Meniere's Disease triggers

Stress, caffeine, and high sodium intake can trigger episodes of Meniere's disease.

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Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidneys, a more serious form of UTI.

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Pyelonephritis symptoms

Flank pain, fever, and urinary urgency are symptoms of pyelonephritis.

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UTI prevention

Staying hydrated and practicing good hygiene are important for preventing UTIs.

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Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a condition that weakens bones, making them more prone to fractures.

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Osteoporosis risk factors

Age, hormonal changes (especially after menopause), and certain medical conditions increase the risk of osteoporosis.

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Osteoporosis complications

Fractures, particularly hip and vertebral fractures, are a common consequence of osteoporosis.

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Osteoporosis treatment

Bisphosphonates are a type of medication used to increase bone density and reduce the risk of fractures in osteoporosis.

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DEXA scan

A DEXA scan is used to measure bone density and diagnose osteoporosis.

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Osteoporosis nutrition

Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake are crucial for bone health and preventing osteoporosis.

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Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is a bone infection, often associated with bacteria, particularly in people with diabetes.

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Osteomyelitis symptoms

Pain, swelling, fever, and localized redness are common symptoms of osteomyelitis.

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Osteomyelitis diagnosis

MRI or a biopsy is the preferred method for diagnosing osteomyelitis.

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Paget's Disease

Paget's disease is a chronic bone disorder that causes abnormal bone growth and weakening.

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Paget's Disease treatment

Bisphosphonates and calcitonin are commonly used medications for treating Paget's disease.

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Calcitonin

Calcitonin works by regulating calcium levels and reducing bone breakdown.

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Cataracts

Cataracts are clouding of the natural lens of the eye, which can affect vision.

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Cataracts risk factors

Aging, diabetes, and prolonged steroid use are risk factors for developing cataracts.

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Cataracts symptoms

Blurred vision, halos around lights, and difficulty seeing at night are common symptoms of cataracts.

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Cataract post-surgery care

After cataract surgery, it's important to prevent constipation and stay hydrated.

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Post-joint replacement recovery

Patients recovering from total hip or knee replacements should avoid high-impact activities for at least 2-3 months.

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DVT prevention

Early ambulation and using blood thinners (if prescribed) are essential for preventing blood clots after surgery.

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Pain management

Pain management after surgery or injury often involves a combination of medications and physical therapy.

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Study Notes

Atropine and Its Uses

  • Commonly used to treat bradycardia (slow heart rate).
  • Primary mechanism of action is as an anticholinergic, blocking acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors.
  • Least beneficial in patients with urinary retention due to obstruction.
  • Contraindicated in patients with glaucoma, as it can increase intraocular pressure.
  • Common effects of anticholinergic drugs include dry mouth, blurred vision, and urinary retention.
  • Should be used with caution in patients with existing cardiac conditions.

Iron Replacement Therapy

  • Potential side effects of ferrous sulfate include gastrointestinal upset and constipation.
  • Vitamin K plays a role in iron metabolism and aiding blood clotting but is not directly linked to iron replacement.
  • Complications of iron replacement therapy may include iron overload, which can damage organs.

Glucocorticoids

  • Common adverse effects of inhaled glucocorticoids are oral thrush and hoarseness.
  • IV glucocorticoids are contraindicated in patients with systemic fungal infections due to immune suppression.
  • Patient teaching for albuterol includes inhalation technique and recognizing side effects like increased heart rate.
  • If heart rate increases by 25 bpm, patients should monitor and consult their doctor.
  • A 35 bpm increase in heart rate warrants immediate medical evaluation.
  • A 15 bpm increase may not require action but should be monitored.
  • Patients should avoid other sympathomimetics and caffeine while on albuterol.

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

  • Common medications include losartan, valsartan, and irbesartan.
  • Nursing interventions include monitoring blood pressure and renal function.
  • ARBs should be taken at the same time daily to maintain consistent blood levels.
  • Adverse effects may include dizziness and hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).
  • Monitoring electrolyte levels is crucial for patients taking ARBs.

Nitroglycerin

  • Should be taken at the onset of angina symptoms.
  • Mechanism of action involves vasodilation, reducing myocardial oxygen demand.
  • Nursing actions for transdermal patches include rotating sites and ensuring skin is clean and dry.
  • Taking nitroglycerin sublingually often precedes calling emergency services (911) if symptoms persist.
  • Typically available in sublingual tablets, transdermal patches, and sprays.
  • Contraindicated in patients taking phosphodiesterase inhibitors for erectile dysfunction.

Meniere’s Disease

  • Common symptoms include vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.
  • Potential triggers are stress, caffeine, and high sodium intake.
  • Medications such as diuretics are commonly used in treatment.

Pyelonephritis and UTIs

  • Symptoms of pyelonephritis include flank pain, fever, and urinary urgency.
  • Education for UTI prevention includes hydration and proper hygiene.
  • Signs of pyelonephritis can include fever and costovertebral angle tenderness.

Osteoporosis

  • Key precursor factors include age and hormonal changes, particularly post-menopause.
  • Risks associated with osteoporosis encompass fractures, particularly hip and vertebral.
  • Common treatment options include bisphosphonates for bone density preservation.
  • DEXA scans assess bone density and diagnose osteoporosis.
  • Nutritional considerations include adequate calcium and vitamin D intake.

Osteomyelitis

  • Commonly associated with staphylococcal infections, especially in diabetic patients.
  • Symptoms include pain, swelling, fever, and localized redness.
  • Gold standard for diagnosis includes MRI or biopsy.
  • Typically affects long bones and the spine.

Paget's Disease

  • Preferred medications for treatment include bisphosphonates and calcitonin.
  • The primary effect of calcitonin is to regulate calcium levels and inhibit bone resorption.
  • Initial treatment for nerve pain often involves analgesics or anti-inflammatories.

Cataracts

  • Risk factors for developing cataracts include aging, diabetes, and long-term steroid use.
  • Symptoms can include blurred vision, halos around lights, and difficulty seeing at night.
  • Post-surgery care includes avoiding constipation and maintaining proper hydration.

General Medical Guidance

  • Patients recovering from total hip or knee replacements should avoid high-impact activities for at least 2-3 months.
  • Deep vein thrombosis prevention includes early ambulation and use of anticoagulants if prescribed.
  • Recommended therapy for managing pain post-surgery or injury often includes a combination of medications and physical therapy.

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Test your knowledge of atropine with this quiz. Explore its common medical uses, primary mechanism of action, and conditions that are least likely to benefit from atropine administration.

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