Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of aortic stenosis?
What is the primary cause of aortic stenosis?
Which of the following is a typical sign or symptom of aortic stenosis?
Which of the following is a typical sign or symptom of aortic stenosis?
What is a common treatment option for pulmonary stenosis?
What is a common treatment option for pulmonary stenosis?
How does aortic stenosis restrict blood flow?
How does aortic stenosis restrict blood flow?
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What is a common cause of aortic stenosis?
What is a common cause of aortic stenosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of pulmonary stenosis?
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of pulmonary stenosis?
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Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of an atrial septal defect?
Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of an atrial septal defect?
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What is one of the treatment options for an atrial septal defect?
What is one of the treatment options for an atrial septal defect?
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Which of the following is a potential complication of an untreated atrial septal defect?
Which of the following is a potential complication of an untreated atrial septal defect?
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Which type of atrial septal defect can only be repaired through open-heart surgery?
Which type of atrial septal defect can only be repaired through open-heart surgery?
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What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus (DA) before delivery?
What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus (DA) before delivery?
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Which of the following procedures involves passing a mesh patch or plug through a catheter to close an atrial septal defect?
Which of the following procedures involves passing a mesh patch or plug through a catheter to close an atrial septal defect?
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Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of Tetralogy of Fallot?
Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of Tetralogy of Fallot?
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Which of the following is a recommended management strategy for Tetralogy of Fallot during a 'tet spell'?
Which of the following is a recommended management strategy for Tetralogy of Fallot during a 'tet spell'?
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Which of the following is a temporary surgical procedure used to manage Tetralogy of Fallot?
Which of the following is a temporary surgical procedure used to manage Tetralogy of Fallot?
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Which of the following is a permanent surgical repair for Tetralogy of Fallot?
Which of the following is a permanent surgical repair for Tetralogy of Fallot?
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Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of Tetralogy of Fallot?
Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of Tetralogy of Fallot?
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Study Notes
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
- Shortness of breath, especially when exercising, is a common symptom
- Fatigue, swelling of legs, feet, or abdomen, heart palpitations, and skipped beats are other symptoms
- Heart murmur, a whooshing sound, can be heard through a stethoscope
- Treatment depends on the size of the hole in the heart
- Small ASDs may close spontaneously, while others may not require surgery
- Medications like beta blockers and anticoagulants may be used to manage symptoms
- Surgery to close the defect is usually done electively between 1 and 3 years of age
- Catheter-based repair uses a mesh patch or plug to close the hole
- Open-heart surgery may be necessary for primum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus atrial defects
Complications of ASD
- Right-sided heart failure
- Heart rhythm abnormalities (arrhythmias)
- Increased risk of stroke
- Shortened life span
- Less common complications include Eisenmenger syndrome, which is a type of pulmonary hypertension
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
- The ductus arteriosus is essential for maintaining fetal systemic perfusion before delivery
- It is a type of congenital heart defect
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
- Symptoms include high degree of cyanosis, polycythemia, severe dyspnea, growth restriction, and clubbing of the fingers
- Children with TOF may assume a squatting or knee-chest position when resting
- Management includes oxygen administration, small and frequent meals, and limiting strenuous activities
- Corrective surgery is necessary to prevent growth and development restriction
Surgery Management for TOF
- Temporary surgery includes Blalock-Taussig shunt and Waterston shunt
- Permanent surgery involves full repair to relieve pulmonary stenosis and patching the ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Complications of TOF
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Infectious endocarditis
Disorders with Obstruction to Blood Flow
- Obstructive defects include pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta
Pulmonary Stenosis
- Symptoms include cyanosis, heart murmur, chest pain, and shortness of breath
- Treatment options include balloon dilation, valvuloplasty, valvotomy, valvectomy, and pulmonary valve replacement
Aortic Stenosis
- It is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening, restricting blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
- Symptoms include a typical murmur, faint pulses, hypotension, tachycardia, and inability to suck for long periods
- Causes include congenital heart defect, bicuspid aortic valve, calcium buildup on the valve, and rheumatic fever
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Description
Explore the signs, symptoms, and management of atrial septal defect, including shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, heart palpitations, and treatment options such as medications and surgery.