ATP and ADP Functions in Cellular Processes
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Questions and Answers

What are the end products of glycolysis?

  • Lactic acid and NADH
  • Glucose and oxygen
  • Pyruvate and ATP (correct)
  • FADH₂ and CO₂

Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria.

False (B)

How many ATP molecules are produced during oxidative phosphorylation from one glucose molecule?

  • 28 ATP (correct)
  • 20 ATP
  • 2 ATP
  • 32 ATP

Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are generated from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Krebs cycle produces ___ by oxidizing pyruvate.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total ATP produced by processing 10 glucose molecules anaerobically?

<p>20 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their primary locations:

<p>Glycolysis = Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle = Mitochondria Electron Transport Chain = Inner mitochondrial membrane Fermentation = Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a plant’s stomata are closed, it will decrease _____ uptake needed for the Calvin cycle.

<p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their ATP production:

<p>Glycolysis = 2 ATP Krebs Cycle = 2 ATP Oxidative Phosphorylation = 28 ATP Anaerobic Respiration = 2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does NAD⁺ play in the Krebs cycle?

<p>It serves as an electron acceptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Krebs cycle occurs twice for each molecule of glucose.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as waste products during the Krebs cycle?

<p>CO₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis occurs in the mitochondria of plant cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration?

<p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Photosystem II in photosynthesis?

<p>To split water molecules and release oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of converting light energy into glucose in plants is called __________.

<p>photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrons are directly absorbed from oxygen in the electron transport chain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules does each NADH produce during oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their key outputs:

<p>Photosynthesis = Glucose and Oxygen Cellular Respiration = ATP, Carbon Dioxide, and Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosystem I is primarily involved in the reduction of _____ to NADPH.

<p>NADP⁺</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fermentation produces only _____ ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of photosynthesis with their functions:

<p>Photosystem II = Splits water molecules and releases oxygen Photosystem I = Reduces NADP⁺ to NADPH ATP synthase = Synthesizes ATP from ADP Electron transport chain = Transfers electrons and pumps protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Calvin cycle is involved in the process of cellular respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis?

<p>The proton gradient created by protons in the intermembrane space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chlorophyll molecules play in photosynthesis?

<p>They absorb light energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

FADH₂ generates more ATP than NADH during oxidative phosphorylation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

<p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional roles do anthocyanins play in plants beyond pigmentation?

<p>Protection from UV light and antioxidant activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phycobilins are primarily found in terrestrial plants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following electron acceptors with their corresponding products:

<p>Nitrate (NO₃⁻) = Nitrogen gas (N₂) Sulfate (SO₄²⁻) = Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) = Methane (CH₄)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is necessary for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

<p>Carbon Dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which light colors do phycobilins primarily absorb for photosynthesis?

<p>Red and orange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pigments with their associated colors:

<p>Phycocyanin = Blue Phycoerythrin = Red Anthocyanins = Red, Blue, Purple Chlorophyll = Green</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situations do organisms rely on fermentation instead of aerobic respiration?

<p>When oxygen is absent or limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ethanol produced during fermentation is the primary factor in creating an anaerobic environment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alternative electron acceptor is commonly used by E. coli during anaerobic respiration?

<p>Nitrate (NO₃⁻) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Calvin cycle requires light to produce glucose.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary substance produced by the Calvin cycle?

<p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

In anaerobic respiration, sulfate is reduced to ________ by sulfate-reducing bacteria.

<p>hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of the Calvin cycle?

<p>Carbon Fixation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of aerobic respiration in terms of ATP production?

<p>36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Methanogens utilize carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor to produce glucose.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Calvin cycle generates G3P molecules that can eventually be converted into ________ for plant use.

<p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Glycolysis End Product

Two molecules of pyruvate (a 3-carbon compound) are produced.

Glycolysis Location

Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm.

Glycolysis Energy Output

Glycolysis generates 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

Pyruvate Fate

Pyruvate can be further metabolized in the mitochondria (Krebs or fermentation).

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Krebs Cycle Location

The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria.

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Krebs Cycle Input

Pyruvate from glycolysis is the starting material.

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Krebs Cycle Energy Output

For each pyruvate, the Krebs cycle makes 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, and 2 CO₂.

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NAD⁺ Role in Krebs

NAD⁺ acts as an electron acceptor in the Krebs cycle, becoming NADH in dehydrogenation steps.

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ATP Synthase Role

ATP synthase uses the energy from proton flow to create ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

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Electron Transport Chain Final Acceptor

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, ensuring that electrons are fully utilized.

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ETC's Main Output

The main outcome of the ETC is the production of ATP.

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Water Formation in ETC

Oxygen combines with electrons and protons to form water in the ETC.

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Photosystem II Role

Photosystem II splits water molecules using light energy, releasing oxygen and providing protons for ATP synthesis.

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Photosystem I Role

Photosystem I uses light energy to reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH, a key energy carrier for the Calvin cycle.

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Electron Flow in Photosynthesis

Electrons flow from water to PSII, then through the ETC to PSI, finally ending up in NADPH.

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Proton Gradient in Photosynthesis

The splitting of water in PSII releases protons, contributing to the proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

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Photosynthesis Input

Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the air, water (H₂O) from the soil, and light energy (usually from the sun).

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Photosynthesis Output

Photosynthesis produces glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), which is used by the plant for energy, and oxygen gas (O₂).

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Cellular Respiration Input

Cellular respiration uses glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) from food and oxygen (O₂) from the air.

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Cellular Respiration Output

Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and energy (ATP) for the cell.

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Where does photosynthesis occur?

Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

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Where does cellular respiration occur?

Cellular respiration occurs in two stages: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, and aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.

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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Relationship

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary processes that rely on each other.

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What is the purpose of ATP?

ATP is the primary energy source for cells, powering all cellular functions.

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Anthocyanins

Pigments responsible for red, blue, and purple colors in plants, serving multiple vital functions beyond pigmentation.

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Anthocyanin Function

Anthocyanins protect plants from UV light, act as antioxidants, aid in pollination/seed dispersal, enhance cold tolerance, and help defend against stress.

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Phycobilins

Water-soluble pigments found in cyanobacteria and red algae, absorbing light for photosynthesis, especially in aquatic environments.

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Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin

Phycocyanin (blue) and phycoerythrin (red) are types of phycobilins, crucial for capturing different wavelengths of light in aquatic environments.

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Fermentation

Process that creates an anaerobic environment, inhibiting aerobic pathogens, but not due to ethanol itself.

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Fermentation vs. Aerobic Respiration

Fermentation produces energy in low-oxygen conditions, less efficiently than aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen.

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Anaerobic Environments

Places like deep soil, stagnant water, or animal intestines where oxygen is scarce and organisms rely on fermentation to survive.

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Strenuous Activity in Muscles

During intense exercise, muscles may not receive enough oxygen, leading to fermentation to produce energy temporarily.

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Anaerobic Respiration ATP

Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) produces only 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

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Stomata Closure Effect

Closing stomata during the day reduces carbon dioxide uptake, hindering the Calvin cycle and overall photosynthesis.

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Calvin Cycle Dependence

The Calvin cycle requires carbon dioxide to produce glucose and other sugars, essential for plant's energy and growth.

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Reduced Sugar Synthesis

Insufficient carbon dioxide intake due to closed stomata limits the Calvin cycle's ability to fix carbon, resulting in less glucose production.

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Energy Deficit in Plants

Closed stomata can lead to an energy deficit as the plant struggles to produce sufficient ATP and NADPH for its metabolic needs.

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Anaerobic Respiration

Energy production without oxygen, using alternative electron acceptors.

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Nitrate as Electron Acceptor

Certain bacteria convert nitrate (NO₃⁻) into nitrogen gas (N₂) or nitrite (NO₂⁻), a process called denitrification.

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Sulfate as Electron Acceptor

Sulfate-reducing bacteria use sulfate (SO₄²⁻) to produce H₂S, often in oxygen-poor environments.

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Carbon Dioxide as Electron Acceptor

Methanogens, a type of archaea, convert CO₂ into methane (CH₄), commonly in oxygen-free environments.

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Calvin Cycle

Photosynthetic process converting CO₂ into sugars in the stroma of chloroplasts.

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Carbon Fixation

CO₂ is attached to RuBP to form a 6-carbon compound that breaks down into two 3-carbon molecules (3-PGA).

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Reduction in Calvin Cycle

ATP and NADPH convert 3-PGA into G3P, a 3-carbon sugar, some used for glucose and others recycled.

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Regeneration of RuBP

Remaining G3P is used with ATP to regenerate RuBP, ensuring the Calvin cycle continues.

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Study Notes

ADP and ATP

  • ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) are the primary energy currency in cells.
  • ATP consists of adenosine bonded to three phosphate groups, storing significant energy in the bonds between the phosphate groups.
  • ADP is similar to ATP but only has two phosphate groups, and thus less energy.
  • Cells store energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP (phosphorylation).
  • ATP is broken down into ADP and a free phosphate group to release energy for cellular processes.
  • This ATP-ADP cycle is constant, powering cellular processes like muscle contractions, cell division, and active transport.

Cellular Processes

  • ATP powers almost every cellular activity that requires energy – synthesizing molecules, transporting substances, and signaling.
  • Maintaining a steady supply of ATP is vital for cell function and proper functioning.
  • Catabolic and anabolic reactions need ATP for energy.
  • Catabolic reactions (like glycolysis, Krebs cycle) break down molecules releasing energy used to create ATP.
  • Anabolic reactions (like protein and DNA synthesis) require ATP to give energy for processes to occur.
  • Without continuous ATP regeneration, cells cannot sustain these reactions.
  • ATP is constantly being created and used by the cell.

Chemiosmosis in ATP Synthesis

  • Proton gradient is created during oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain (ETC).
  • Protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase.
  • The energy from this flow drives the enzyme to catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.

Glycolysis

  • Glucose is the starting molecule.
  • Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate.
  • Process requires energy investment to prepare glucose for splitting.
  • 6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules.
  • Energy is harvested, creating NADH and ATP.
  • Pyruvate is the end product.
  • Glycolysis prepares glucose for further breakdown.

Krebs Cycle

  • Pyruvate is completely oxidized in the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle).
  • Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
  • Krebs cycle produces ATP, NADH, FADH₂, CO₂
  • The Krebs cycle operates twice per glucose molecule.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

  • High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂ are transferred.
  • The chain consists of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • Electrons move through the ETC, releasing energy to pump protons (H+) into the intermembrane space.
  • Protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, creating ATP.

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
  • Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes, creating ATP and NADPH using light energy.
  • Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur in the stroma, using ATP and NADPH to fix CO₂ into sugars.

Fermentation

  • Fermentation occurs when oxygen is absent.
  • Fermentation is less efficient than aerobic respiration.
  • Fermentation produces a smaller amount of ATP.
  • Examples include lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

Plant Pigments

  • Pigments are molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light.
  • Chlorophyll absorbs light needed for photosynthesis, preferentially red and blue light.
  • Carotenoids absorb different wavelengths, including violet-blue light.
  • Other pigments exist to absorb light and aid in photosynthesis.

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamental roles of ATP and ADP in cellular energy transfer. It covers the structure of these molecules, their energy storage capabilities, and their involvement in essential cellular processes such as muscle contractions and metabolic reactions. Test your understanding of how these molecules power life at the cellular level!

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