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What are the end products of glycolysis?
What are the end products of glycolysis?
Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria.
Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria.
False
How many ATP molecules are produced during oxidative phosphorylation from one glucose molecule?
How many ATP molecules are produced during oxidative phosphorylation from one glucose molecule?
Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration.
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How many ATP molecules are generated from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
How many ATP molecules are generated from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
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The Krebs cycle produces ___ by oxidizing pyruvate.
The Krebs cycle produces ___ by oxidizing pyruvate.
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What is the total ATP produced by processing 10 glucose molecules anaerobically?
What is the total ATP produced by processing 10 glucose molecules anaerobically?
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Match the following processes with their primary locations:
Match the following processes with their primary locations:
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If a plant’s stomata are closed, it will decrease _____ uptake needed for the Calvin cycle.
If a plant’s stomata are closed, it will decrease _____ uptake needed for the Calvin cycle.
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Match the following processes with their ATP production:
Match the following processes with their ATP production:
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What role does NAD⁺ play in the Krebs cycle?
What role does NAD⁺ play in the Krebs cycle?
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The Krebs cycle occurs twice for each molecule of glucose.
The Krebs cycle occurs twice for each molecule of glucose.
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What is produced as waste products during the Krebs cycle?
What is produced as waste products during the Krebs cycle?
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Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?
Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?
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Photosynthesis occurs in the mitochondria of plant cells.
Photosynthesis occurs in the mitochondria of plant cells.
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What is the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration?
What is the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration?
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What is the primary role of Photosystem II in photosynthesis?
What is the primary role of Photosystem II in photosynthesis?
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The process of converting light energy into glucose in plants is called __________.
The process of converting light energy into glucose in plants is called __________.
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Electrons are directly absorbed from oxygen in the electron transport chain.
Electrons are directly absorbed from oxygen in the electron transport chain.
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How many ATP molecules does each NADH produce during oxidative phosphorylation?
How many ATP molecules does each NADH produce during oxidative phosphorylation?
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Match the following processes with their key outputs:
Match the following processes with their key outputs:
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Photosystem I is primarily involved in the reduction of _____ to NADPH.
Photosystem I is primarily involved in the reduction of _____ to NADPH.
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Fermentation produces only _____ ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Fermentation produces only _____ ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
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Match the following components of photosynthesis with their functions:
Match the following components of photosynthesis with their functions:
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The Calvin cycle is involved in the process of cellular respiration.
The Calvin cycle is involved in the process of cellular respiration.
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What drives ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis?
What drives ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis?
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What role do chlorophyll molecules play in photosynthesis?
What role do chlorophyll molecules play in photosynthesis?
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FADH₂ generates more ATP than NADH during oxidative phosphorylation.
FADH₂ generates more ATP than NADH during oxidative phosphorylation.
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What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
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What additional roles do anthocyanins play in plants beyond pigmentation?
What additional roles do anthocyanins play in plants beyond pigmentation?
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Phycobilins are primarily found in terrestrial plants.
Phycobilins are primarily found in terrestrial plants.
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Match the following electron acceptors with their corresponding products:
Match the following electron acceptors with their corresponding products:
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Which of the following molecules is necessary for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Which of the following molecules is necessary for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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Which light colors do phycobilins primarily absorb for photosynthesis?
Which light colors do phycobilins primarily absorb for photosynthesis?
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Match the following pigments with their associated colors:
Match the following pigments with their associated colors:
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In which situations do organisms rely on fermentation instead of aerobic respiration?
In which situations do organisms rely on fermentation instead of aerobic respiration?
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The ethanol produced during fermentation is the primary factor in creating an anaerobic environment.
The ethanol produced during fermentation is the primary factor in creating an anaerobic environment.
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Which alternative electron acceptor is commonly used by E. coli during anaerobic respiration?
Which alternative electron acceptor is commonly used by E. coli during anaerobic respiration?
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The Calvin cycle requires light to produce glucose.
The Calvin cycle requires light to produce glucose.
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What is the primary substance produced by the Calvin cycle?
What is the primary substance produced by the Calvin cycle?
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In anaerobic respiration, sulfate is reduced to ________ by sulfate-reducing bacteria.
In anaerobic respiration, sulfate is reduced to ________ by sulfate-reducing bacteria.
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What is the first step of the Calvin cycle?
What is the first step of the Calvin cycle?
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What is the primary outcome of aerobic respiration in terms of ATP production?
What is the primary outcome of aerobic respiration in terms of ATP production?
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Methanogens utilize carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor to produce glucose.
Methanogens utilize carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor to produce glucose.
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The Calvin cycle generates G3P molecules that can eventually be converted into ________ for plant use.
The Calvin cycle generates G3P molecules that can eventually be converted into ________ for plant use.
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Study Notes
ADP and ATP
- ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) are the primary energy currency in cells.
- ATP consists of adenosine bonded to three phosphate groups, storing significant energy in the bonds between the phosphate groups.
- ADP is similar to ATP but only has two phosphate groups, and thus less energy.
- Cells store energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP (phosphorylation).
- ATP is broken down into ADP and a free phosphate group to release energy for cellular processes.
- This ATP-ADP cycle is constant, powering cellular processes like muscle contractions, cell division, and active transport.
Cellular Processes
- ATP powers almost every cellular activity that requires energy – synthesizing molecules, transporting substances, and signaling.
- Maintaining a steady supply of ATP is vital for cell function and proper functioning.
- Catabolic and anabolic reactions need ATP for energy.
- Catabolic reactions (like glycolysis, Krebs cycle) break down molecules releasing energy used to create ATP.
- Anabolic reactions (like protein and DNA synthesis) require ATP to give energy for processes to occur.
- Without continuous ATP regeneration, cells cannot sustain these reactions.
- ATP is constantly being created and used by the cell.
Chemiosmosis in ATP Synthesis
- Proton gradient is created during oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain (ETC).
- Protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase.
- The energy from this flow drives the enzyme to catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
Glycolysis
- Glucose is the starting molecule.
- Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate.
- Process requires energy investment to prepare glucose for splitting.
- 6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules.
- Energy is harvested, creating NADH and ATP.
- Pyruvate is the end product.
- Glycolysis prepares glucose for further breakdown.
Krebs Cycle
- Pyruvate is completely oxidized in the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle).
- Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Krebs cycle produces ATP, NADH, FADH₂, CO₂
- The Krebs cycle operates twice per glucose molecule.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
- High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂ are transferred.
- The chain consists of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Electrons move through the ETC, releasing energy to pump protons (H+) into the intermembrane space.
- Protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, creating ATP.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
- Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes, creating ATP and NADPH using light energy.
- Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur in the stroma, using ATP and NADPH to fix CO₂ into sugars.
Fermentation
- Fermentation occurs when oxygen is absent.
- Fermentation is less efficient than aerobic respiration.
- Fermentation produces a smaller amount of ATP.
- Examples include lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
Plant Pigments
- Pigments are molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light.
- Chlorophyll absorbs light needed for photosynthesis, preferentially red and blue light.
- Carotenoids absorb different wavelengths, including violet-blue light.
- Other pigments exist to absorb light and aid in photosynthesis.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental roles of ATP and ADP in cellular energy transfer. It covers the structure of these molecules, their energy storage capabilities, and their involvement in essential cellular processes such as muscle contractions and metabolic reactions. Test your understanding of how these molecules power life at the cellular level!
