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Questions and Answers
What is the charge of electrons within an atom?
What is the charge of electrons within an atom?
If an atom has more neutrons than protons, what is its stability status?
If an atom has more neutrons than protons, what is its stability status?
Which of the following correctly defines atomic number?
Which of the following correctly defines atomic number?
What characteristic of an element is determined by its electron arrangement?
What characteristic of an element is determined by its electron arrangement?
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What happens during radioactivity in an unstable atom?
What happens during radioactivity in an unstable atom?
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What is the primary difference between the isotopes 12C, 13C, and 14C?
What is the primary difference between the isotopes 12C, 13C, and 14C?
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Which of the following statements about atomic mass is true?
Which of the following statements about atomic mass is true?
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What is a cation?
What is a cation?
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How many maximum electrons can be held in the p sublevel?
How many maximum electrons can be held in the p sublevel?
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Which of the following correctly describes orbitals and their capacity?
Which of the following correctly describes orbitals and their capacity?
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Study Notes
Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Bonds
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Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, like oxygen (O₂), water (H₂O), or glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).
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Atoms consist of three subatomic particles: protons (+ charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (- charge)
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The nucleus contains protons and neutrons; electrons orbit the nucleus.
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The atom's nucleus accounts for almost all of its mass.
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Protons are equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
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Unstable atoms have more neutrons than protons; they are radioactive.
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The atomic number (Z) is a unique number equal to the number of protons.
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The atomic mass (A) is the sum of protons and neutrons.
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Atoms can gain or lose electrons, forming ions with a positive (+ cation) or negative (- anion) charge.
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Electrons occupy energy levels (shells) and sublevels (s, p, d, f) that contain orbitals.
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Orbitals represent high probability regions of finding electrons.
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There are maximum numbers of electrons allowed in each level/sublevel/orbital.
Elements
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Elements are substances made of one type of atom.
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Elements are organized according to their atomic number in the periodic table.
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Elements on the periodic table are listed in increasing order of atomic number.
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Atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus) determines an element's properties and identity.
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The periodic table is organized by increasing atomic number, grouping elements with similar chemical properties in columns.
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The first ten elements make up 99.8% of the Earth's crust (oxygen, silicon, aluminum, etc.).
Molecules and Chemical Bonds
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Molecules are formed when atoms combine through chemical bonding.
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Two common types of chemical bonds are covalent and noncovalent bonds (ionic and others).
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Covalent bonds form when atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration (often following the octet rule).
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Covalent bonds are strong and common in biological molecules.
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Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons, creating partial charges on the atoms.
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Nonpolar covalent bonds involve equal sharing of electrons, resulting in no partial charges.
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Examples of covalent bonds include single, double, and triple bonds.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of atoms, including their structure, composition, and behavior. This quiz covers subatomic particles, atomic number, atomic mass, and the formation of ions. Test your knowledge on the building blocks of matter and their interactions.
