HSS2305-L2+3

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Questions and Answers

What types of bonds help stabilize the structure of DNA?

Hydrogen bonds (correct)

Van der Waals interactions

Polar covalent bonds

Ionic bonds

Which type of molecule is typically water-loving and enhances solubility in water?

Hydrophilic compounds (correct)

Ionic compounds

Hydrophobic compounds

Non-polar covalent molecules

What occurs between atoms that share electrons equally, resulting in no charges?

Polar covalent bonds

Ionic bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Non-polar covalent bonds (correct)

Which of the following statements about ionic bonds is true?

They involve the transfer of one or more valence electrons. Signup and view all the answers

How do non-polar molecules behave in relation to water?

They aggregate to minimize exposure to water. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond results from unequal sharing of electrons, leading to partial charges?

Polar covalent bonds Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction are Van der Waals interactions?

Weak attractions due to temporary charge changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of heparin in medical treatment?

Anticoagulant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common property of hydrophobic compounds?

They are typically insoluble in water. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sugar has the carbonyl (C=O) group on a terminal carbon?

Aldose Signup and view all the answers

Complex carbohydrates primarily provide which of the following benefits?

Sustained energy release Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carbohydrates is a ketose?

Fructose Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of phospholipids is to:

Function in cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates simple carbohydrates from complex carbohydrates?

Simple carbohydrates are smaller molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber?

It helps you feel full. Signup and view all the answers

Nucleic acids are primarily involved in which function?

Storage and transmission of genetic information Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of DNA and RNA?

Storage of genetic information and transmission of that information into proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond connects nucleotides in DNA and RNA?

3’-5’ phosphodiester bonds Signup and view all the answers

How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?

Saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds, while unsaturated may have one or more Signup and view all the answers

Which class of molecules is characterized by having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts?

Amphipathic molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells?

It acts as a cellular energy carrier Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural characteristic that distinguishes steroids from other types of lipids?

Steroids have a unique multi-ring structure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatty acid always contains at least one double bond?

Monounsaturated fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms between the glycerol backbone and fatty acids in fats?

Ester bonds Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins primarily responsible for in a cell?

Performing virtually all cell activities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions does NOT pertain to proteins?

Storing energy long-term Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the R groups of amino acids in relation to their interaction with water?

They can be hydrophobic or polar Signup and view all the answers

At a pH of 7, how are the R groups of amino acids typically charged?

Almost always fully charged Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a protein determined by?

The sequence of amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond typically joins amino acids in a polypeptide chain?

Peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

What additional components can be found in many proteins after synthesis?

Carbohydrates and metal-containing groups Signup and view all the answers

How many different amino acids are commonly found in proteins?

20 Signup and view all the answers

What determines the tertiary structure of a protein?

Non-covalent bonds between R groups Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the primary structure of proteins?

The sequence of amino acids in the polymer Signup and view all the answers

Which of these agents can lead to denaturing of a protein?

Reducing agents Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein is characterized by an elongated shape and is often found outside of cells?

Fibrous proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is typically a consequence of protein misfolding?

Deadly consequences Signup and view all the answers

The secondary structure of proteins includes all of the following except:

Hydrophobic core Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly used to determine the tertiary structure of proteins?

NMR Signup and view all the answers

What role does the folded state of a protein play?

It allows the protein to exert its function Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Atoms And Molecules

Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, consisting of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
Molecules are stable combinations of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Compounds are molecules with more than one type of atom.
Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
Non-polar covalent bonds occur when electrons are shared equally between atoms, resulting in no charges.
Polar covalent bonds occur when electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial charges on atoms.
Ionic bonds involve the complete transfer of electrons, resulting in fully charged ions.
Hydrogen bonds are weak interactions between molecules, especially important in holding together DNA strands and giving water its unique properties.

Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates are organic compounds with the chemical formula (CH₂O)n.
- Monosaccharides are simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose.
- Disaccharides are formed by the combination of two monosaccharides, like sucrose and lactose.
- Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by chains of monosaccharides, like starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that are insoluble in water.
- Fats are composed of glycerol linked to three fatty acids.
- Fatty acids are long unbranched hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group.
  - Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds.
  - Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
- Phospholipids have two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to glycerol.
- Steroids have a four-ring structure.
Proteins are macromolecules that perform various cellular functions.
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
- Polypeptides are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- Protein structure is critical to function and is hierarchical:
  - Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids.
  - Secondary structure is the local folding of the polypeptide chain into alpha-helices and beta-sheets.
  - Tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional shape of the polypeptide chain.
  - Quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein complex.
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information.
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) stores genetic information.
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA) transmits genetic information and is involved in protein synthesis.
- Nucleotides are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Important Concepts

Hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water.
Hydrophobic molecules repel water.
Amphipathic molecules have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
Van der Waals interactions are weak attractions between molecules caused by temporary fluctuations in charge distribution.
Protein denaturation is the unfolding or disorganization of a protein, often leading to loss of function.
Protein misfolding can have serious consequences for cell function and health.

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Description

Test your understanding of the fundamental concepts of atoms and molecules. This quiz covers topics such as covalent bonds, polar and non-polar interactions, and the properties of biological molecules like carbohydrates. Perfect for biology and chemistry students alike!