Atoms and Matter Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are radioisotopes?

  • Chemical compounds that do not emit radiation
  • Unstable forms of chemical elements that release radiation (correct)
  • Natural elements that are always safe for human use
  • Stable forms of chemical elements that emit energy

    • Which of the following isotopes was released during the Fukushima disaster?

  • Uranium-235
  • Iodine-131 (correct)
  • Plutonium-239
  • Carbon-14

    • What is a primary health risk associated with Iodine-131?

  • Heart disease from circulation in the blood
  • Lung cancer from inhalation
  • Skin cancer from exposure to the skin
  • Thyroid cancer from concentration in the thyroid gland (correct)

    • What long-term environmental issue was caused by cesium-137 release after Fukushima?

    <p>Contamination of food and water sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggered the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster?

    <p>A massive earthquake and tsunami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of cesium-137?

    <p>About 30 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health risk is associated with the long-term exposure of cesium-137?

    <p>Contamination of food supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event caused widespread contamination across Europe in 1986?

    <p>Chernobyl reactor explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are atoms considered to be?

    <p>The basic building blocks of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subatomic particles make up an atom?

    <p>Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is primarily broken down during glucose metabolism?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main energy currency of the cell?

    <p>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the human body is comprised of six main elements?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as an element?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are trace elements?

    <p>Minerals present in small amounts in living tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is energy related to matter according to Einstein's theory of Relativity?

    <p>Energy can be converted into matter and vice versa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition characterizes Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radioactive isotope is specifically linked to increased thyroid cancer in children?

    <p>Iodine-131</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the environmental impacts of the Fukushima disaster?

    <p>Radioactive cesium in marine life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence for the population surrounding Fukushima?

    <p>Evacuation of tens of thousands of people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone is noteworthy?

    <p>It remains heavily contaminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has wildlife been affected in the Chernobyl region due to the absence of human activity?

    <p>Wildlife has thrived in unexpected ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a long-term concern for the marine ecosystem following the Fukushima disaster?

    <p>Long-term effects of radioactive contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the Chernobyl disaster have on cancer rates?

    <p>Increased rates of various cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes water to move up the stems of plants?

    <p>A combination of cohesion and adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the specific heat of water?

    <p>The amount of heat needed to change water's temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water's high specific heat benefit aquatic organisms?

    <p>It helps them maintain stable internal temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason water is considered an excellent solvent?

    <p>Its polarity allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do plants have stomata in their leaves?

    <p>To allow vaporizing water out for cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for the body's cells?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sodium and chlorine when dissolved in water?

    <p>They separate and are surrounded by water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of water's high specific heat on the environment?

    <p>It allows for cooler pavements during summer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes monosaccharides?

    <p>They cannot be broken down by hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for water to be a polar molecule?

    <p>It has an uneven distribution of charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction forms disaccharides from monosaccharides?

    <p>Condensation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharide serves as a substrate for important components in the brain?

    <p>Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a product of hydrolyzed starch?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

    <p>1:2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is fructose commonly found?

    <p>In fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Atoms and Matter

    • Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of all matter.
    • Composed of subatomic particles: neutrons, protons, and electrons.
    • Matter occupies space and has mass, consisting of elements which cannot be chemically broken down.

    Energy and Matter

    • Energy is the ability to perform work.
    • According to Einstein’s theory, energy and matter can be converted into each other.

    Elements in the Human Body

    • Approximately 99% of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, calcium, and phosphorus.
    • Another five elements (sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium) comprise about 0.85% of body mass.
    • Trace elements are minerals present in tiny amounts in living tissues, useful in determining the age of biological remains.

    Radioisotopes

    • Unstable chemical elements that emit radiation while stabilizing.
    • Used in imaging and treatment within the field of medicine.
    • Pose dangers to health and environment, with notable disasters at Fukushima (2011) and Chernobyl (1986).

    Fukushima Disaster

    • Triggered by an earthquake and tsunami, releasing radioactive isotopes into the environment.
    • Contaminated air, water, and soil, leading to long-term ecological damage.

    Chernobyl Disaster

    • Explosion released a vast quantity of radioactive materials, affecting Europe.
    • Resulted in the creation of a contaminated exclusion zone.

    Health Risks from Radioactive Isotopes

    • Iodine-131 can concentrate in the thyroid, increasing thyroid cancer risk, particularly in children.
    • Cesium-137 can contaminate food sources, leading to long-term health risks and cancers.
    • Acute Radiation Syndrome affected many workers at Chernobyl, causing severe health consequences.

    Long-term Effects

    • Increased rates of thyroid and other cancers in populations exposed in both Fukushima and Chernobyl incidents.

    Environmental Impact

    • Fukushima caused concerns regarding marine life contamination; cesium found in fish led to fishing restrictions.
    • Chernobyl's exclusion zone remains heavily contaminated but is paradoxically allowing some wildlife to thrive due to limited human activity.

    Water Properties

    • Water exhibits high specific heat, requiring significant energy to change temperature; crucial for homeostasis in organisms.
    • High specific heat helps maintain stable environments for aquatic life and allows cooling in plants through evaporation.

    Solvent Properties of Water

    • Water’s polarity makes it an excellent solvent, crucial for metabolic reactions in cells.
    • Almost all biochemical reactions require reactants to be dissolved in water.

    Carbohydrates Overview

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a basic formula ratio of 1:2:1.
    • Monosaccharides, the simplest sugars, are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates.

    Monosaccharides Examples

    • Glucose: primary energy source for cells and brain; derived from foods.
    • Galactose: milk sugar, important for brain and immune system functions.
    • Fructose: found in fruits and honey.

    Disaccharides

    • Formed by condensation reactions, linking two monosaccharides via glycosidic bonds.
    • Examples include:
      • Sucrose: glucose + fructose (table sugar).
      • Maltose: glucose + glucose (from hydrolyzed starch).
      • Lactose: glucose + galactose (found in mammalian milk).

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of atoms and matter, including subatomic particles and the elements that make up the human body. Additionally, it introduces energy and its relation to matter, along with the roles of radioisotopes in medicine. Test your knowledge on these essential scientific principles.

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