Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the basic formula for carbohydrates?
What is the basic formula for carbohydrates?
Which of the following is a type of monosaccharide?
Which of the following is a type of monosaccharide?
What type of carbohydrates are glycogen and starch considered?
What type of carbohydrates are glycogen and starch considered?
Which of the following diseases is primarily associated with denatured proteins?
Which of the following diseases is primarily associated with denatured proteins?
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How many different amino acids are proteins composed of?
How many different amino acids are proteins composed of?
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What is the smallest part of an element that displays its properties?
What is the smallest part of an element that displays its properties?
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Which type of carbohydrates serves as structural components in plant cells?
Which type of carbohydrates serves as structural components in plant cells?
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Which particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
Which particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
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What bond connects amino acids in proteins?
What bond connects amino acids in proteins?
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What differentiates isotopes of the same element?
What differentiates isotopes of the same element?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carbohydrates?
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Which isotope is used in the treatment of goiter?
Which isotope is used in the treatment of goiter?
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What can be inferred when a tumor does not take up radioactive iodine during imaging?
What can be inferred when a tumor does not take up radioactive iodine during imaging?
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What harmful effect does high levels of radiation have on cells?
What harmful effect does high levels of radiation have on cells?
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What organ in the body takes up iodine-131 during diagnosis?
What organ in the body takes up iodine-131 during diagnosis?
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Which isotope is extensively used as a radiation source for cancer treatment?
Which isotope is extensively used as a radiation source for cancer treatment?
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Study Notes
Aims of Lecture
- Define atoms and study their structure
- Explain isotopes and their use in treatment and diagnosis
- Explain the main types of organic compounds (carbohydrates and proteins)
Atoms
- An atom is the smallest part of an element that displays its properties
- Atoms have a nucleus containing protons and neutrons
- Electrons orbit the nucleus
- Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons
- Atomic number is the number of protons
Isotopes
- Isotopes are variants of an element that differ in neutron number
- All isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
- Examples of elements with common isotopes: carbon
- Isotopes are useful in treatment and diagnosis
Applications of Isotopes (in medicine)
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Treatment:
- Iodine-131 is used in goiter treatment
- Cobalt-60 is used to arrest cancer development
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Diagnosis:
- Iodine-131 for locating brain tumors and thyroid disorders
- Sodium-24 to locate blood clots and circulation problems
- Iron-59 for diagnosing anemia and pregnancy disorders
- Cobalt-60 for diagnosing cancer
- Hydrogen-3 for measuring water content.
Low Levels of Radiation
- Radioactive isotopes are used in many medical applications
- After a patient drinks a solution with a small amount of 131I, it concentrates in the thyroid.
High Levels of Radiation
- Radioactive substances can damage DNA, cause cancer and harm cells
- Radiation can be used in the sterilization of food, and in cancer treatment
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
- Organic compounds contain carbon, inorganic compounds may or may not contain carbon
- Organic compounds are necessary for living organisms
Organic Molecules (macromolecules)
- Large organic molecules in cells are macromolecules formed via monomers joining together into polymers
Carbohydrates
- Are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- Serve as structural and functional components of cells
- Chemical formula: C6H12O6 (glucose)
- Types of carbohydrates:
- Simple carbohydrates include monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose)
- Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) are made from multiple linked monosaccharides, examples include starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Proteins
- Proteins are linear polymers of 20 different amino acids
- Approximately 50% of the dry weight of living matter is protein
- Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form chains(typically containing 100-300 amino acids)
Protein Denaturation
- Denaturation is a change in a protein's three-dimensional structure that might be reversible or irreversible.
- Agents include: heat, changes in pH, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, high salt concentration, and heavy metals
- Denaturing changes can lead to diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, etc.
Protein Structures
- Proteins have four levels of structure:
- Primary: sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
- Secondary: local folding of the polypeptide chain (e.g. alpha-helices, beta sheets).
- Tertiary: three-dimensional structure of a single polypeptide chain.
- Quaternary: structure of a protein consisting of multiple polypeptide chains.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of atomic structure, isotopes, and their applications in medicine. You will learn about the composition of atoms, the definition and significance of isotopes, and specific medical uses, such as treatment and diagnosis of diseases. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in chemistry and biology.
