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Questions and Answers
Which type of radiation can be stopped with a thin metal sheet?
Which type of radiation can be stopped with a thin metal sheet?
Gamma rays are not affected by a magnetic field because they carry no charge.
Gamma rays are not affected by a magnetic field because they carry no charge.
True
What is the last element with any stable nuclei?
What is the last element with any stable nuclei?
Lead
An alpha particle is actually a nucleus of a __________.
An alpha particle is actually a nucleus of a __________.
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Who is known as the father of atomic theory?
Who is known as the father of atomic theory?
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In which branch of medicine are radioisotopes used?
In which branch of medicine are radioisotopes used?
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The process in which a free neutron causes the nucleus of an atom to split is called __________.
The process in which a free neutron causes the nucleus of an atom to split is called __________.
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Atoms can be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.
Atoms can be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.
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What evidence did J.J. Thomson use to discover electrons?
What evidence did J.J. Thomson use to discover electrons?
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Match the following types of nuclear reactions with their descriptions:
Match the following types of nuclear reactions with their descriptions:
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The charge of an alpha particle is ______.
The charge of an alpha particle is ______.
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The half-life of a given isotope can be altered by heat and pressure.
The half-life of a given isotope can be altered by heat and pressure.
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What is the ratio of atoms in a water molecule (H2O)?
What is the ratio of atoms in a water molecule (H2O)?
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Match the following isotopes with their corresponding abundance and mass:
Match the following isotopes with their corresponding abundance and mass:
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The nucleus of an atom is much larger than the entire atom.
The nucleus of an atom is much larger than the entire atom.
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What element is likely to have 90 protons and a good number of neutrons for stability?
What element is likely to have 90 protons and a good number of neutrons for stability?
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What happens to a small atom with the same number of protons and neutrons?
What happens to a small atom with the same number of protons and neutrons?
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Two different atoms of carbon have the same atomic mass.
Two different atoms of carbon have the same atomic mass.
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What is an alpha particle composed of?
What is an alpha particle composed of?
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The process through which unstable atoms become stable by emitting particles is called ________.
The process through which unstable atoms become stable by emitting particles is called ________.
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Match the terms with their definitions related to radioactive decay:
Match the terms with their definitions related to radioactive decay:
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Which type of decay results in another element with an atomic number two less?
Which type of decay results in another element with an atomic number two less?
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Gamma rays can be stopped by a piece of paper.
Gamma rays can be stopped by a piece of paper.
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Marie Curie discovered radioactivity and won two Nobel Prizes for her work on ________ and ________.
Marie Curie discovered radioactivity and won two Nobel Prizes for her work on ________ and ________.
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What particle did Lord Ernest Rutherford discover?
What particle did Lord Ernest Rutherford discover?
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An isotope has the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons.
An isotope has the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons.
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What is the mass number of an element calculated from?
What is the mass number of an element calculated from?
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The process by which an electron falls into the nucleus is known as __________.
The process by which an electron falls into the nucleus is known as __________.
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Match the type of radioactive decay to its description:
Match the type of radioactive decay to its description:
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Which statement about beta particle emission is true?
Which statement about beta particle emission is true?
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Name one application of nuclear medicine.
Name one application of nuclear medicine.
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Gamma radiation consists of low-energy photons.
Gamma radiation consists of low-energy photons.
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Study Notes
Atomic Theory
- Father of Atomic Theory: John Dalton
- Atomos: Indivisible (meaning of the term spoken by Democritus)
- Atoms: Cannot be created or destroyed during chemical changes
- Law of Conservation of Mass: No detectable change in mass during chemical reactions
- Law of Definite Proportions: Same proportions of elements by mass in compounds
- Ratio of atoms in H₂O: 1:2
- J.J. Thomson's Discovery: Electrons (negatively charged) evidenced by cathode ray experiments (opposites attract)
Alpha Particles and Gold Foil Experiment
- Alpha Charge: Positive
- Gold Foil Experiment Findings: Most alpha particles passed through; some deflected (bounced back) suggesting a small, dense nucleus
- Rutherford's Conclusion: Nucleus is positively charged; almost all the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus. Nucleus is significantly smaller than the entire atom
Atomic Abundance
- Boron-10 Abundance: 19.9% and Isotope Mass: 10.013 u
- Boron-11 Abundance: 80.1% and Isotope Mass: 11.009 u
- Average Atomic Mass Calculation: 10.811 amu (calculated by adding the product of abundance and isotope mass for each isotope)
Nuclear Ionizing Radiation
Band of Stability
- Element with 90 protons: Ideal number of neutrons for stability is 142. The element would be Thorium.
Other Important Concepts
- Large Atoms (more than 40 protons): Less likely to exist naturally given that the ratio of protons and neutrons would not be 1:1
- Small Atoms (less than 20 protons): Likely to exist naturally, in a 1:1 ratio, stable in nature.
- Two Different Types of Carbon Atoms: Different atomic masses because of varying neutron numbers, despite having the same number of protons.
- Vocabulary: Terms including Alpha particle, Beta particle, Radioactive, half-life, Radioactive decay, gamma rays
- Radioactive Decay Processes: Alpha decay (emitting helium nuclei), beta decay (electron emission changing a neutron to a proton), gamma decay (high-energy electromagnetic radiation).
- Transmutation: Transforming one type of atom into another during radioactive decay.
- Tracer: Radioisotope used to track movement in a body.
- Parts of a Nuclear Reactor: Fuel, moderator, control rods
- Structure of Elements: Elements are composed of atoms, and compounds are made of atoms.
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
- Isobars: Atoms with the same mass number (total protons and neutrons) but different atomic numbers.
- Modes of Radioactive Decay: Alpha, Beta, Gamma
- Positron Emission: Positron (positive electron) emission changing from proton to neutron.
- K-electron Capture: Electron falls into the nucleus converting proton to neutron.
- Nuclear Bombardment: Utilizing atomic particles (like alpha particles) to create new elements
- Nuclear Medicine: Use of radioactive isotopes to diagnose and treat diseases.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Atomic Theory, including key figures like John Dalton and J.J. Thomson, and explore landmark experiments such as the Gold Foil Experiment. Understand concepts like the Law of Conservation of Mass and atomic structure with this engaging quiz!
