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Questions and Answers
How many electrons can be accommodated in the outermost shell of an atom?
How many electrons can be accommodated in the outermost shell of an atom?
What defines the valence electrons in an atom?
What defines the valence electrons in an atom?
What happens to atoms with a completely filled outermost shell?
What happens to atoms with a completely filled outermost shell?
Which of the following statements is true regarding shell filling in atoms?
Which of the following statements is true regarding shell filling in atoms?
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According to the Bohr-Bury scheme, how are electrons arranged in an atom?
According to the Bohr-Bury scheme, how are electrons arranged in an atom?
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What was the thickness of the gold foil used in the experiment?
What was the thickness of the gold foil used in the experiment?
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What charge do α-particles carry?
What charge do α-particles carry?
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What was the expected behavior of α-particles when they struck gold atoms?
What was the expected behavior of α-particles when they struck gold atoms?
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Which analogy is used to explain the passage of α-particles through the gold foil?
Which analogy is used to explain the passage of α-particles through the gold foil?
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What is the mass of α-particles in atomic mass units (u)?
What is the mass of α-particles in atomic mass units (u)?
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Why was a thin layer of gold selected for the experiment?
Why was a thin layer of gold selected for the experiment?
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What key assumption was made about the mass of α-particles compared to protons?
What key assumption was made about the mass of α-particles compared to protons?
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What kind of energy did the fast-moving α-particles possess?
What kind of energy did the fast-moving α-particles possess?
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What was the view of Dalton regarding atoms?
What was the view of Dalton regarding atoms?
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Which of the following is considered a sub-atomic particle?
Which of the following is considered a sub-atomic particle?
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Who identified the electron?
Who identified the electron?
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What did canal rays discovered by E. Goldstein reveal?
What did canal rays discovered by E. Goldstein reveal?
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What key realization was made about atoms by the end of the 19th century?
What key realization was made about atoms by the end of the 19th century?
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What primarily accounts for the existence of different kinds of matter?
What primarily accounts for the existence of different kinds of matter?
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What type of charge does the sub-atomic particle identified by E. Goldstein have?
What type of charge does the sub-atomic particle identified by E. Goldstein have?
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Which of the following statements about atomic structure is true?
Which of the following statements about atomic structure is true?
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What is at the center of an atom according to Rutherford's nuclear model?
What is at the center of an atom according to Rutherford's nuclear model?
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What key feature of Rutherford's nuclear model is challenged by the principles of classical physics?
What key feature of Rutherford's nuclear model is challenged by the principles of classical physics?
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What did Rutherford imply about the size of the nucleus in comparison to the atom?
What did Rutherford imply about the size of the nucleus in comparison to the atom?
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According to Rutherford, what would happen to an electron in a circular orbit over time?
According to Rutherford, what would happen to an electron in a circular orbit over time?
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What fundamental concept did Rutherford suggest about matter based on his findings?
What fundamental concept did Rutherford suggest about matter based on his findings?
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Who is referred to as the ‘Father’ of nuclear physics?
Who is referred to as the ‘Father’ of nuclear physics?
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What did Rutherford use to discover the nucleus of an atom?
What did Rutherford use to discover the nucleus of an atom?
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Which Nobel Prize did Rutherford win, and in what year?
Which Nobel Prize did Rutherford win, and in what year?
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What does the presence of isotopes of an element indicate about its chemical and physical properties?
What does the presence of isotopes of an element indicate about its chemical and physical properties?
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What is the ratio of the two isotopic forms of chlorine found in nature?
What is the ratio of the two isotopic forms of chlorine found in nature?
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How is the average atomic mass of chlorine calculated considering its isotopes?
How is the average atomic mass of chlorine calculated considering its isotopes?
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Which isotope is commonly used as a fuel in nuclear reactors?
Which isotope is commonly used as a fuel in nuclear reactors?
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What are isobars?
What are isobars?
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Which isotope is used in the treatment of goitre?
Which isotope is used in the treatment of goitre?
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Which elements are considered isobars in the provided content?
Which elements are considered isobars in the provided content?
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If an element has no isotopes, how is its atomic mass calculated?
If an element has no isotopes, how is its atomic mass calculated?
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If Z = 3, what would be the valency of the element?
If Z = 3, what would be the valency of the element?
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What is the mass number of element X, given that it has 6 protons and 6 neutrons?
What is the mass number of element X, given that it has 6 protons and 6 neutrons?
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What is the mass number of element Y, which has 6 protons and 8 neutrons?
What is the mass number of element Y, which has 6 protons and 8 neutrons?
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What is the relation between atomic species X and Y if they have the same number of protons?
What is the relation between atomic species X and Y if they have the same number of protons?
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Which statement is true regarding J.J. Thomson's proposal about the nucleus?
Which statement is true regarding J.J. Thomson's proposal about the nucleus?
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Which of the following correctly describes a neutron?
Which of the following correctly describes a neutron?
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Which particle has a mass approximately 2000 times less than that of a proton?
Which particle has a mass approximately 2000 times less than that of a proton?
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Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment led to the discovery of which particle?
Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment led to the discovery of which particle?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
- Atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of matter, with different atoms causing different kinds of matter.
- Atoms are divisible and contain subatomic particles (electrons, protons, and neutrons).
- The atom is mostly empty space.
- The positive charge and mass of the atom are concentrated within a tiny nucleus.
- Electrons revolve around the nucleus in discrete energy levels or shells.
- Outermost electron determines the element's reactivity or valency.
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with varying numbers of neutrons.
- Isobars are atoms of different elements that have the same mass number.
- Experiments led to the development of atomic models:
- Thomson's model: Electrons are embedded in a positively charged sphere (like plums in pudding).
- Rutherford's model: Most of the atom is empty space, with a dense, positive nucleus at the center, where electrons orbit around it.
- Bohr's model: Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels. Electrons do not radiate energy when in these orbits.
Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Atomic number (Z): Number of protons in an atom's nucleus. Identifies an element uniquely.
- Mass number (A): Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- Determining the number of neutrons: Subtract atomic number (Z) from mass number (A).
- Atomic mass is the average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of an atom.
- Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Valency
- Valency is an atom's combining capacity.
- Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell (octet rule).
- This determines the element’s reactivity, and ability to combine with other elements to form molecules.
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Description
Test your knowledge on atomic structure, including the fundamental building blocks of matter, subatomic particles, and atomic models. This quiz covers key concepts like isotopes, isobars, and the arrangement of electrons within atoms. Prepare to challenge your understanding of the foundation of chemistry!
