Atomic Structure and Subatomic Particles

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Questions and Answers

How many neutrons are there in a lithium atom with a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 3?

4 (correct)

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the second orbit according to Bohr's model?

8 (correct)

Which quantum number indicates the main energy level occupied by an electron?

Angular momentum quantum number

Principal quantum number (correct)

Spin quantum number

Magnetic quantum number

In the electron cloud model, what does the 'cloud' represent?

The region where electrons are likely to be found Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons the third orbit can hold?

18 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of quantum number indicates the shape or type of orbital occupied by an electron?

Angular momentum quantum number Signup and view all the answers

How is the mass of an atom described in Bohr's model?

Concentrated at the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What do the values of the principal quantum number (n) represent?

The main energy level of the electron Signup and view all the answers

Which subatomic particle is negatively charged?

Electron Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of an element defined as?

The number of protons in an atom Signup and view all the answers

How do isotopes of an element differ from each other?

By the number of neutrons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding atomic structure?

Atoms are always neutral due to equal protons and electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass number of an atom with 15 protons and 10 neutrons?

25 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following particles has the greatest mass?

Both neutron and proton Signup and view all the answers

If an atom contains 12 protons, what is its atomic number?

12 Signup and view all the answers

What determines the identity of an atom?

The number of protons Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the second energy level?

8 Signup and view all the answers

Which principle states that no two electrons in the same orbital can have the same spin?

Pauli Exclusion Principle Signup and view all the answers

Which sublevel can contain a maximum of 10 electrons?

d Signup and view all the answers

For an orbital with an angular momentum quantum number (L) of 1, which type of orbital is it?

p Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is consistent with Hund's Rule?

Electrons will occupy separate orbitals of the same energy before pairing. Signup and view all the answers

An atom with 6 protons and 8 neutrons is classified as which of the following?

An isotope Signup and view all the answers

Which understanding is essential to following the Aufbau Principle?

Orbitals fill in order of increasing energy. Signup and view all the answers

Which orbital can hold a maximum of 14 electrons?

f Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Atom Structure

Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass
Understanding atomic structure is crucial to understanding the properties of matter

Subatomic Particles

Subatomic particles make up atoms
Key subatomic particles for chemistry are electrons, protons, and neutrons
Electrons have a negative charge
Protons have a positive charge
Neutrons have no charge

Properties of Subatomic Particles

| Name | Symbol | Charge | Common charge | Mass (kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electron | e, e-, or -10e| -1 | -1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ | 9.109 × 10⁻³¹ |
| Proton | p, p+, or ₁P | +1 | +1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ | 1.673 × 10⁻²⁷ |
| Neutron | n or °₁n | 0 | 0 | 1.675 × 10⁻²⁷ |

Atoms and Neutrons

Number of protons equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom
Neutrons do not affect the overall charge of the atom

Atomic Number

Atomic number indicates the number of protons in an atom
The number of protons defines the type of atom

Mass Number

Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
Mass number - Atomic number = Number of neutrons

Determining Subatomic Particles

Using the provided table, students can determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for different elements

Bohr's Model

Atom has a positively charged central part called the nucleus
Nucleus contains protons and neutrons
Electrons orbit the nucleus at specific energy levels (fixed distances from the nucleus).
Each electron orbit holds a maximum number of electrons – ( 2n² ) whereby n is the orbit level.

Electron Cloud Model

This is a probability model
Electrons are located in orbitals (regions of space) where they are likely to be found
Position of electrons is based on mathematical equations

Quantum Numbers

Four quantum numbers define the region where electrons reside:
Principal quantum number (n) : Energy level of the electron
Angular momentum quantum number (L) : Shape and type of orbital
Magnetic quantum number (m) : Orbitals number and orientations
Spin (s) : Intrinsic angular momentum
Values of sublevels (s, p, d, f...) are assigned. 0, 1, 2, 3 correspond to s, p, d, f respectively.
The table shows the quantum numbers of the first 30 atomic orbitals

Electron Configuration

Arrangement of electrons in an atom
Each energy level can hold a specific maximum number of electrons (2n²)
Energy levels are further divided into sublevels called orbitals, designated by letters (s, p, d, f...)

Electron Configuration Principles

Aufbau Principle: Electrons fill orbitals from lowest energy to highest energy
Pauli Exclusion Principle: Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins
Hund's Rule: When orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons first occupy each orbital singly with parallel spins before pairing up

Isotopes

Isotopes have the same number of protons (same atomic number) but different numbers of neutrons (different mass number)

Elements

An element is a substance composed of a single type of atom
There are about 90 naturally occurring elements, plus some lab-created ones

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Description

This quiz delves into the fundamental building blocks of matter, focusing on atomic structure and the characteristics of subatomic particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons. Understanding these concepts is essential for grasping the properties of matter and the basics of chemistry.