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Questions and Answers
What occurs at the atomic level when an atom becomes an ion?
What occurs at the atomic level when an atom becomes an ion?
- Neutrons are emitted from the nucleus to neutralize the charge.
- Electrons are either gained or lost, creating an electrical imbalance. (correct)
- The atom absorbs additional protons, leading to a positive charge.
- The number of protons changes to balance the electrical charge.
The energy of electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays, is related to its wavelength and frequency. How are high-energy radiation and low-energy radiation different?
The energy of electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays, is related to its wavelength and frequency. How are high-energy radiation and low-energy radiation different?
- High-energy radiation has a high frequency and short wavelength; low-energy radiation has a low frequency and long wavelength. (correct)
- High-energy radiation travels faster than low-energy radiation.
- High-energy radiation has a low frequency and long wavelength; low-energy radiation has a high frequency and short wavelength.
- High-energy radiation is composed of particulate matter while low-energy radiation is purely electromagnetic.
After x-rays exit the tubehead, several interactions with the patient are possible. What happens during the photoelectric effect?
After x-rays exit the tubehead, several interactions with the patient are possible. What happens during the photoelectric effect?
- X-rays pass through the patient without any interaction.
- X-rays are refracted as they pass through different tissue densities.
- X-rays are scattered in different directions after colliding with atoms.
- X-rays are completely absorbed by patient tissue. (correct)
Radiation can cause cell damage through different mechanisms. How does free radical formation lead to tissue injury?
Radiation can cause cell damage through different mechanisms. How does free radical formation lead to tissue injury?
Several factors influence the severity of tissue damage caused by radiation. How does the dose rate affect tissue damage?
Several factors influence the severity of tissue damage caused by radiation. How does the dose rate affect tissue damage?
Stochastic and nonstochastic effects are two classifications of radiation effects. What is the key difference between them regarding dose and severity?
Stochastic and nonstochastic effects are two classifications of radiation effects. What is the key difference between them regarding dose and severity?
Cell response to radiation varies depending on several factors. How does cell differentiation affect its sensitivity to radiation?
Cell response to radiation varies depending on several factors. How does cell differentiation affect its sensitivity to radiation?
Different tissues exhibit varying degrees of sensitivity to radiation. Which of the following is considered a radiosensitive tissue?
Different tissues exhibit varying degrees of sensitivity to radiation. Which of the following is considered a radiosensitive tissue?
What unit is used to compare the biologic effects of different types of radiation?
What unit is used to compare the biologic effects of different types of radiation?
What is the function of aluminum disks in the x-ray tubehead?
What is the function of aluminum disks in the x-ray tubehead?
How does using a rectangular position-indicating device (PID) reduce patient exposure to radiation?
How does using a rectangular position-indicating device (PID) reduce patient exposure to radiation?
What is the dental radiographer's responsibility during x-ray exposure?
What is the dental radiographer's responsibility during x-ray exposure?
What is the most important reason a dental radiographer should never hold a receptor or the tubehead in place for a patient during x-ray exposure?
What is the most important reason a dental radiographer should never hold a receptor or the tubehead in place for a patient during x-ray exposure?
In order to protect patients, operators, and the general public, what do federal and state laws do?
In order to protect patients, operators, and the general public, what do federal and state laws do?
What does the ALARA concept emphasize in dental radiography?
What does the ALARA concept emphasize in dental radiography?
Electrons are produced in the cathode and accelerated toward the anode inside the x-ray tube. What is the next step that produces the X-rays?
Electrons are produced in the cathode and accelerated toward the anode inside the x-ray tube. What is the next step that produces the X-rays?
What is the difference between tissue exposure in a Gray (Gy) and Sievert (Sv)?
What is the difference between tissue exposure in a Gray (Gy) and Sievert (Sv)?
What is the process of creating a positive and negative ion called?
What is the process of creating a positive and negative ion called?
What do x-rays and electromagnetic radiation have in common?
What do x-rays and electromagnetic radiation have in common?
Atoms exist in a neutral state with equal numbers of protons and neutrons, what would happen when an atom has unequal numbers of protons and neutrons?
Atoms exist in a neutral state with equal numbers of protons and neutrons, what would happen when an atom has unequal numbers of protons and neutrons?
Flashcards
Atom Composition
Atom Composition
Central nucleus (protons, neutrons) with orbiting electrons.
Neutral Atom Charge
Neutral Atom Charge
Most atoms have equal protons and electrons, resulting in no net charge.
Ion Definition
Ion Definition
An atom with unequal numbers of protons and electrons, resulting in a net charge.
Ionization Definition
Ionization Definition
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Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing Radiation
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Electromagnetic Radiations
Electromagnetic Radiations
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Energy of Radiation
Energy of Radiation
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What are X-rays?
What are X-rays?
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X-Ray Tube Components
X-Ray Tube Components
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X-Ray Production
X-Ray Production
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X-ray Interactions
X-ray Interactions
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Radiation Injury Mechanism
Radiation Injury Mechanism
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Radiation Injuries
Radiation Injuries
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Factors of Tissue Damage
Factors of Tissue Damage
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Stochastic Effects
Stochastic Effects
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Nonstochastic Effects
Nonstochastic Effects
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Cell Response Factors
Cell Response Factors
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Sensitive Cells
Sensitive Cells
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Exposure (Radiation)
Exposure (Radiation)
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Radiation Dose
Radiation Dose
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Study Notes
- Atoms are composed of a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting around it.
- Most atoms are neutral, containing equal numbers of protons and electrons.
- An ion is formed when there are unequal numbers of protons and electrons in an atom, causing it to be electrically unbalanced.
- Ionization is the process of producing ions, resulting in an ion pair consisting of a positive ion and an ejected electron.
- The atom becomes a positive ion, and the ejected electron becomes a negative ion.
- Ionizing radiation can produce ions and is classified as either particulate or electromagnetic.
- Electromagnetic radiations, like x-rays, have properties of both particles and waves and are organized by their energies.
- The energy of electromagnetic radiation is determined by its wavelength and frequency.
- Low-energy radiation has low frequency and long wavelength, while high-energy radiation has high frequency and short wavelength.
- X-rays are weightless, neutral bundles of energy (photons) traveling in waves at the speed of light with a specific frequency.
- X-rays are generated in an x-ray tube, which is housed in the x-ray tubehead.
- The x-ray tube has a leaded-glass housing, a negative cathode, and a positive anode.
- During x-ray production, electrons are produced in the cathode, accelerated to the anode, where they are converted into x-rays.
- After exiting the tubehead, x-rays can pass through the patient without interaction, be completely absorbed (photoelectric effect), or scatter (Compton scatter and coherent scatter).
- Radiation can cause injury through ionization and free radical formation.
- Radiation injuries can result from a direct hit or from toxin formation after absorption.
- Tissue damage from radiation depends on total dose, dose rate, amount of tissue irradiated, cell sensitivity, and age.
- Radiation effects are classified as stochastic and nonstochastic.
- Stochastic effects' probability increases with dose, but the severity isn't dose-dependent.
- Nonstochastic effects have a threshold, and the severity increases with increased dose.
- Cell response to radiation depends on mitotic activity, cell differentiation, and cell metabolism.
- Small lymphocytes, blood cells, immature reproductive cells, young bone cells, and epithelial cells are more sensitive to radiation.
- Radiosensitive tissues include bone marrow, reproductive cells, and intestines.
- Radioresistant tissues include salivary glands, kidney, and liver.
- Exposure measures ionization in the air produced by x-rays.
- Dose is the amount of energy absorbed by a tissue.
- Dose is measured in gray (Gy).
- Dose equivalent compares the biologic effects of different radiation types and is measured in sievert (Sv).
- Proper prescribing of dental images and equipment use can minimize radiation exposure.
- Dentists must prescribe images based on individual patient needs.
- Aluminum disks in the x-ray tubehead filter out longer-wavelength, lower-energy x-rays.
- A collimator restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam.
- A position-indicating device (PID) directs the x-ray beam; rectangular PIDs are most effective in reducing patient exposure.
- Careful receptor handling and accurate image retrieval are critical post-exposure.
- Radiographers must follow operator protection guidelines, avoid the primary beam via distance, positioning, and shielding.
- Radiographers must never hold a receptor or the tubehead for a patient during x-ray exposure.
- Radiation monitoring includes both equipment and personnel monitoring.
- Federal and state laws protect patients, operators, and the public from radiation hazards.
- The MPD for radiation workers is 50 mSv/year, and for the general public, it is 1 mSv/year.
- ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) means keeping radiation exposure to a minimum.
- Dental radiographers must explain protection steps to patients before, during, and after x-ray exposure.
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