Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

The two atomic models mentioned are the Bohr model and the quantum-mechanical model.

The Bohr model depicts electrons as orbiting the nucleus in specific, circular orbits, while the quantum-mechanical model describes electrons as existing in probability clouds known as orbitals.

The three primary classifications of solid materials are metals, ceramics, and polymers.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The atomic number (Z) of an element is equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three primary materials are used for making carbonated beverage containers: aluminum, glass, and plastic (polyester).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text discusses smart materials and nanoengineered materials as types of advanced materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smart materials are able to sense changes in their environment and respond in predetermined ways, while traditional materials generally do not have this capability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sensor in a smart material system detects changes in the environment and provides information to an actuator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An actuator in a smart material system performs a responsive action based on the input signal from a sensor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four materials commonly used for actuators in smart material systems are shape memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive materials, and electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The equilibrium separation represents the distance between two atoms where the net attractive force is balanced by the repulsive force, resulting in the minimum potential energy or the maximum bonding energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five primary types of interatomic bonds discussed in the text are ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen, and van der Waals bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionic bonding is typically found in materials formed between metals and nonmetals, such as salts like sodium chloride (NaCl).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bonding is commonly found in materials formed between nonmetals, such as water (H2O) and methane (CH4).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metallic bonding is found in metals and their alloys, such as copper (Cu) and iron (Fe).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonding is found in materials containing hydrogen atoms bonded to highly electronegative atoms, such as oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N), like water (H2O) and DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Van der Waals bonding is present in all materials and is responsible for the attraction between molecules, such as in noble gas solids and organic materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary bonds involve the sharing or transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in strong forces that hold atoms together in solids. Secondary bonds are weaker and involve interactions between molecules, such as van der Waals forces, which occur due to fluctuating electron distributions in molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers