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Questions and Answers
What defines the electrical state of an atom?
What defines the electrical state of an atom?
- The number of protons in the nucleus
- The balance between protons and electrons (correct)
- The total weight of protons and neutrons
- The number of neutrons in the nucleus
Which statement about atomic number is true?
Which statement about atomic number is true?
- It only refers to the number of protons.
- It is the sum of protons and neutrons.
- It indicates the weight of the atom.
- It represents the number of electrons or protons. (correct)
What role do valence electrons play in an atom?
What role do valence electrons play in an atom?
- They are found in the inner shells of the atom.
- They can only be gained, not lost.
- They contribute to the atomic weight.
- They determine the chemical reactivity of the element. (correct)
What does atomic weight refer to?
What does atomic weight refer to?
How do atoms achieve a stable state?
How do atoms achieve a stable state?
What is the primary feature of primary bonds among atoms?
What is the primary feature of primary bonds among atoms?
What characteristic makes primary bonds strong?
What characteristic makes primary bonds strong?
Which of the following statements about primary bonds is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about primary bonds is incorrect?
What role do valence electrons play in primary bonds?
What role do valence electrons play in primary bonds?
Which type of bond is primarily responsible for the chemical stability of a compound?
Which type of bond is primarily responsible for the chemical stability of a compound?
What defines the equilibrium distance in a solid?
What defines the equilibrium distance in a solid?
What effect does applying an external force to a solid have on its atoms?
What effect does applying an external force to a solid have on its atoms?
What happens to the interatomic attractive and repulsive forces when atoms are displaced from the equilibrium position?
What happens to the interatomic attractive and repulsive forces when atoms are displaced from the equilibrium position?
Which statement is true about the equilibrium position?
Which statement is true about the equilibrium position?
What is the relationship between attractive and repulsive forces at the equilibrium distance?
What is the relationship between attractive and repulsive forces at the equilibrium distance?
What is polymorphism in the context of materials science?
What is polymorphism in the context of materials science?
Which of the following is an example of allotropy?
Which of the following is an example of allotropy?
Isomerism in organic materials is analogous to which of the following concepts in inorganic materials?
Isomerism in organic materials is analogous to which of the following concepts in inorganic materials?
Which statement best describes the phenomenon of isomerism?
Which statement best describes the phenomenon of isomerism?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of polymorphism?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of polymorphism?
What are the four allotropic forms of silica?
What are the four allotropic forms of silica?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the allotropic forms of silica?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the allotropic forms of silica?
Which allotropic form of silica is known for being used in high-temperature applications due to its stability?
Which allotropic form of silica is known for being used in high-temperature applications due to its stability?
What chemical formula do all forms of silica share?
What chemical formula do all forms of silica share?
Which of the following characteristics primarily differentiates the various allotropic forms of silica?
Which of the following characteristics primarily differentiates the various allotropic forms of silica?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
- Atoms are electrically neutral, containing a balance of protons and electrons.
- The atomic number represents the number of protons in the nucleus, which is equal to the number of electrons surrounding it.
- Valence electrons, located in the outermost shell, determine the chemical reactivity of an element.
- The atomic weight is determined by the combined weight of protons and neutrons within the nucleus.
Inter-atomic Bonding
- Primary bonds are strong chemical bonds formed through the exchange or sharing of electrons.
- These bonds are critical for the stability of atoms.
- Atoms strive to achieve a stable state by having eight electrons in their outer shell, similar to inert gases.
- The equilibrium distance between atoms results from a balance between repulsive and attractive forces.
Polymorphism
- Polymorphism describes the existence of a material in different physical forms while maintaining the same chemical structure.
- In organic materials, this phenomenon is known as Isomerism.
- In inorganic materials, it's called Allotropy.
- Polymorphism can affect the properties of a material.
- Examples include:
- Gutta Percha (an organic polymer exhibiting isomerism)
- Silica (SiO2) (an inorganic material exhibiting allotropy, existing in forms like Quartz, Tridymite, Crystobalite, and Fused quartz)
Polymorphism (Inorganic Materials)
- Silica (SiO2) is an inorganic material that can exist in different crystalline forms.
- These forms, known as allotropes, have different physical properties despite being chemically identical.
- Common silica allotropes include Quartz, Tridymite, Crystobalite, and Fused quartz.
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