Atomic Structure and Hypotheses Quiz
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of K-selected species?

  • They have shorter lifespans.
  • They thrive in unstable environments.
  • They provide extensive parental care. (correct)
  • They have many offspring.

    • Which of the following factors is considered density-independent?

  • Competition for resources
  • Natural disasters (correct)
  • Predation
  • Disease

    • What primarily distinguishes population ecology from ecosystem ecology?

  • Population ecology examines population size changes. (correct)
  • Ecosystem ecology studies species interactions.
  • Ecosystem ecology emphasizes individual organism behavior.
  • Population ecology focuses on energy flow.

    • Which of the following correctly defines abiotic factors?

    <p>Nonliving components like sunlight and soil nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental niche of a species?

    <p>The full range of environmental resources a species could potentially use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Density-dependent factors primarily impact population growth through which mechanism?

    <p>Resource competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ecology examines energy and material exchanges across multiple ecosystems?

    <p>Landscape Ecology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    R-selected species are best characterized by which of the following traits?

    <p>Maximizing their intrinsic rate of increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the realized niche of a species?

    <p>The specific area a species occupies limited by interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes mutualism?

    <p>Both species derive benefits from each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mimicry involves a harmless species mimicking a harmful one?

    <p>Batesian mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interspecific interaction is characterized by both species being harmed?

    <p>Competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of dispersion are individuals spaced unpredictably?

    <p>Random dispersion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of semelparity in reproductive strategies?

    <p>Having one large reproductive event followed by death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does aposematic coloration indicate?

    <p>Poisonous or venomous nature to predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines herbivory in interspecific interactions?

    <p>Eating parts of a plant or alga by an herbivore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the process of transcription in molecular biology?

    <p>The copying of DNA into RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which site in the ribosome holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain?

    <p>P site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a codon relate to an anticodon?

    <p>A codon specifies an amino acid, while an anticodon is complementary to it in tRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the lytic cycle of a virus?

    <p>Assembly of new viral particles followed by cell lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the lysogenic cycle from the lytic cycle?

    <p>Viral genome integration into host chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by Darwinian fitness?

    <p>The contribution to the next generation's gene pool relative to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do viruses differ in their replication cycles?

    <p>The lytic cycle involves immediate production of new viruses, whereas the lysogenic cycle does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key concept does ecosystem ecology emphasize?

    <p>Energy flow and chemical cycling in organisms and their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes keystone species in an ecosystem?

    <p>They have a disproportionately large impact on community structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes primary succession?

    <p>Establishment of life in previously barren environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate efficiency of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzyme inhibition involves an inhibitor binding to the active site?

    <p>Competitive inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chlorophyll a in photosynthesis?

    <p>Participating in light reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the human genome constitutes exons?

    <p>1.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do competitive and noncompetitive inhibition differ?

    <p>Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while noncompetitive bind elsewhere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wavelengths of light are most effective for driving photosynthesis?

    <p>Violet-blue and red light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which light wavelength do chlorophyll a pigments absorb most effectively?

    <p>Red light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do carotenoids play in photosynthesis?

    <p>They solely trap excessive light to protect chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes C4 plants from CAM plants?

    <p>C4 plants minimize photorespiration using spatial separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the lac operon regulate enzyme production for lactose metabolism?

    <p>Lactose binds to the repressor, allowing transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the number of chromatids after DNA replication?

    <p>Chromatid number doubles while chromosome number stays the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the structural organization of the lac operon?

    <p>Lactose-binding site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily generates the proton gradient during photosynthesis?

    <p>Light-dependent reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process most significantly reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis in certain plants?

    <p>Photorespiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall process of cellular respiration characterized by?

    <p>It is a spontaneous catabolic process with a negative delta G.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, which product is generated?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Pyruvate is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions occur?

    <p>Thylakoid membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?

    <p>To pump protons across the membrane and generate a proton gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes fermentation in yeast?

    <p>It regenerates NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pigments are primarily involved in photosynthesis?

    <p>Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum do green plants absorb most efficiently?

    <p>Blue-violet and red regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Scientific Hypotheses

    • A scientific hypothesis is an explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or problem.
    • It must be testable and falsifiable (capable of being proven false).
    • Example: The hypothesis "all swans are white" is falsifiable (provable false) because observing a black swan would disprove it.

    Atomic Structure

    • Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atom's nucleus. This determines the element.
    • Atomic Mass Number: The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
    • Electrons: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus in specific energy levels (shells).
    • Protons: Positively charged particles in the nucleus.
    • Neutrons: Neutral particles in the nucleus.

    Electron Energy Levels and Valence Electrons

    • Electron Energy Levels: Electrons occupy specific energy levels around the nucleus; first shell holds 2 electrons, second 8 etc.
    • Valence Electrons: Electrons in the outermost shell, determining chemical reactivity.

    Chemical Bonds

    • Covalent Bonds: Atoms share valence electrons to achieve a more stable configuration.
    • Ionic Bonds: One atom donates electrons to another, forming oppositely charged ions that attract.
    • Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen).
    • Van der Waals Forces: Weak attractions between molecules due to temporary electron fluctuations.

    Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Molecules

    • Hydrophobic: Molecules that do not interact well with water (typically nonpolar, like fats and oils).
    • Hydrophilic: Molecules that interact readily with water (typically polar, like sugars and ions).
    • Lipophilic: Molecules that interact readily with fats and oils (typically synonymous with hydrophobic).

    Macromolecules

    • Macromolecules are large polymers assembled from smaller repeating monomers.
    • Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, serving as energy sources and structural components (cellulose).
    • Proteins: Amino acids, with diverse functions including catalysis (enzymes), structure, transport, and regulation.
    • Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides, storing and transmitting genetic information (DNA and RNA).
    • Lipids: Fats, phospholipids, and steroids, serving as energy stores, structural components, and signaling molecules.

    Storage vs. Structural Polysaccharides

    • Storage Polysaccharides: Store energy (starch in plants, glycogen in animals).
    • Structural Polysaccharides: Provide structural support (cellulose in plant cell walls, chitin in exoskeletons).

    Protein Structure

    • Primary Structure: Linear sequence of amino acids.
    • Secondary Structure: Localized folding or coiling (alpha helices, beta pleated sheets).
    • Tertiary Structure: Overall 3D shape of a polypeptide due to interactions between R groups.
    • Quaternary Structure: The structure formed when multiple polypeptide chains interact.

    Endomembrane System

    • A network of membranes in eukaryotic cells (nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane).
    • They modify, package, and transport proteins/lipids.

    Diffusion and Transport

    • Diffusion: Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
    • Facilitated Diffusion: Passive movement with the help of transport proteins (channels or carriers).
    • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (from low to high solute concentration).
    • Active Transport: Movement against the concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

    Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

    • Cellular Respiration: Exergonic process that breaks down glucose to generate ATP.
    • Photosynthesis: Endergonic process that converts CO2 and H2O into glucose using light energy.

    Cellular Respiration: Oxidation/Reduction

    • Oxidation: Loss of electrons.
    • Reduction: Gain of electrons.

    Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis/Krebs Cycle

    • Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm, converting glucose into pyruvate (producing ATP and NADH).
    • Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, completely oxidizing pyruvate (producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2).

    Cell Cycle and Cell Division

    • Mitosis: Produces two identical daughter cells (growth, repair, asexual reproduction).
    • Meiosis: Produces four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells (essential for sexual reproduction).
    • Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (contributes to genetic diversity).

    Genetics

    • Complete Dominance: Dominant allele masks the recessive.
    • Incomplete Dominance: Heterozygote phenotype is intermediate.
    • Codominance: Both alleles are expressed equally in the heterozygote.
    • Sex-linked: Genes located on sex chromosomes (X or Y).

    Replication, Transcription, Translation

    • Replication: Copying DNA.
    • Transcription: Synthesizing RNA from DNA.
    • Translation: Synthesizing protein from RNA.

    Chromosomes and Chromatids

    • Chromosome Number: Does not change after replication.
    • Chromatid Number: Doubles after replication.
    • Prions: Infectious proteins causing diseases.
    • Viroids: Small circular RNA molecules infecting plants.

    Ecology Concepts

    • Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, etc: Different levels of ecological organization.
    • Dispersion patterns (random, uniform, clumped)
    • Survivorship curves.
    • Reproduction (semelparity vs iteroparity)
    • Demographic Transition
    • Energy Transfer.
    • Dominant/Keystone Species
    • Succession (primary, secondary)
    • Competition, Predation, Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism.
    • Mullerian Mimicry, Batesian Mimicry, Aposematic Coloration, Cryptic Coloration.
    • Adaptation and Interactions.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    BIO 4 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on scientific hypotheses and atomic structure. This quiz covers essential concepts such as atomic number, electron energy levels, and the nature of hypotheses in science. Perfect for students studying chemistry and the scientific method.

    More Like This

    Master the Art of Scientific Hypotheses
    10 questions

    Master the Art of Scientific Hypotheses

    AccomplishedBixbite avatar
    AccomplishedBixbite
    Mastering Scientific Hypotheses
    10 questions

    Mastering Scientific Hypotheses

    AccomplishedBixbite avatar
    AccomplishedBixbite
    Scientific Method and Evolution of Science Quiz
    6 questions

    Scientific Method and Evolution of Science Quiz

    IssueFreeXenon avatar
    IssueFreeXenon
    Scientific Theories and Hypotheses Quiz
    16 questions

    Scientific Theories and Hypotheses Quiz

    ImprovingSocialRealism4496 avatar
    ImprovingSocialRealism4496
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser