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Questions and Answers
What type of spectrum is produced by gases when they emit light?
What type of spectrum is produced by gases when they emit light?
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Noncontinuous spectrum (correct)
- Full-spectrum
- Continuous spectrum
How can we identify different elements based on their emission spectra?
How can we identify different elements based on their emission spectra?
- By the characteristic color of light they emit when heated (correct)
- By their density
- By their atomic mass
- By the temperature at which they vaporize
What is the relationship between energy (E), Planck's constant (h), and frequency (v) in the context of light emission?
What is the relationship between energy (E), Planck's constant (h), and frequency (v) in the context of light emission?
- E = h/v
- E = h + v
- E = hv (correct)
- E = h - v
Which of the following statements is true about the emission spectra of solids?
Which of the following statements is true about the emission spectra of solids?
What did Niels Bohr achieve that contributed significantly to the understanding of atomic structure?
What did Niels Bohr achieve that contributed significantly to the understanding of atomic structure?
Which orbital is filled last for alkali metals according to the Aufbau Principle?
Which orbital is filled last for alkali metals according to the Aufbau Principle?
What is the significance of the shielding effect on electron stability?
What is the significance of the shielding effect on electron stability?
According to electron configurations, which of the following elements would have a 2p electron configuration filled with three electrons?
According to electron configurations, which of the following elements would have a 2p electron configuration filled with three electrons?
What does the Aufbau Principle state about electron configurations?
What does the Aufbau Principle state about electron configurations?
Which type of elements fill the d orbitals last in their electron configurations?
Which type of elements fill the d orbitals last in their electron configurations?
How does the energy of an electron relate to ease of removal?
How does the energy of an electron relate to ease of removal?
Which orbital is filled last in the electron configurations of lanthanides?
Which orbital is filled last in the electron configurations of lanthanides?
What determines the stability of an electron in an atomic orbital?
What determines the stability of an electron in an atomic orbital?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a single subshell for l = 2?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a single subshell for l = 2?
Which of the following elements has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p3?
Which of the following elements has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p3?
In transition metals, which of these configurations is typically favored for increased stability?
In transition metals, which of these configurations is typically favored for increased stability?
What is the electron configuration for the transition metal Silver (Ag)?
What is the electron configuration for the transition metal Silver (Ag)?
Which of the following statements regarding the filling of d orbitals for chromium (Cr) is true?
Which of the following statements regarding the filling of d orbitals for chromium (Cr) is true?
What is the total number of electrons for an element with atomic number 12?
What is the total number of electrons for an element with atomic number 12?
Which configuration represents a completely filled subshell for the d block?
Which configuration represents a completely filled subshell for the d block?
In the context of electron configurations, for which of the following should the s orbital be filled after the d orbital?
In the context of electron configurations, for which of the following should the s orbital be filled after the d orbital?
Which element has the electron configuration ending with 3d5?
Which element has the electron configuration ending with 3d5?
What is the valence shell electron configuration for Lead (Pb)?
What is the valence shell electron configuration for Lead (Pb)?
Which noble gas configuration would you use to represent the electron configuration of Germanium (Ge)?
Which noble gas configuration would you use to represent the electron configuration of Germanium (Ge)?
Which of the following elements does not have a fully filled 3d subshell?
Which of the following elements does not have a fully filled 3d subshell?
Identify the group to which Silicon (Si) belongs based on its valence electron configuration.
Identify the group to which Silicon (Si) belongs based on its valence electron configuration.
What is the electron configuration for Iron (Fe)?
What is the electron configuration for Iron (Fe)?
Which of the following elements has the electronic configuration ending with 4p2?
Which of the following elements has the electronic configuration ending with 4p2?
What is the overall significance of having partially filled d orbitals?
What is the overall significance of having partially filled d orbitals?
What does the principal quantum number (n) primarily indicate?
What does the principal quantum number (n) primarily indicate?
Which orbital corresponds to the quantum numbers n = 2 and l = 1?
Which orbital corresponds to the quantum numbers n = 2 and l = 1?
What shape is associated with the p subshell?
What shape is associated with the p subshell?
If l = 3, what are the possible values of ml?
If l = 3, what are the possible values of ml?
How many orbitals are present in a d subshell?
How many orbitals are present in a d subshell?
What does the magnetic quantum number (ml) specify?
What does the magnetic quantum number (ml) specify?
The value of ms indicates what characteristic of electrons?
The value of ms indicates what characteristic of electrons?
What is the significance of quantum numbers in describing electrons in an atom?
What is the significance of quantum numbers in describing electrons in an atom?
Which of the following quantum number combinations is NOT valid?
Which of the following quantum number combinations is NOT valid?
How many maximum electrons can occupy the 4f subshell?
How many maximum electrons can occupy the 4f subshell?
Which principle states that no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers?
Which principle states that no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers?
What is the total number of orbitals in the 3rd energy level?
What is the total number of orbitals in the 3rd energy level?
According to Hund's Rule, how should electrons be arranged in the 2p subshell?
According to Hund's Rule, how should electrons be arranged in the 2p subshell?
What is a characteristic of paramagnetic atoms?
What is a characteristic of paramagnetic atoms?
Which of the following subshells has the greatest number of orbitals?
Which of the following subshells has the greatest number of orbitals?
In which of the following arrangements is the carbon atom's 2p subshell correctly represented according to Hund's Rule?
In which of the following arrangements is the carbon atom's 2p subshell correctly represented according to Hund's Rule?
What defines the energy of subshells in relation to their principal quantum number (n) and angular momentum quantum number (l)?
What defines the energy of subshells in relation to their principal quantum number (n) and angular momentum quantum number (l)?
Which statement about atomic orbitals is correct?
Which statement about atomic orbitals is correct?
Which element would likely be diamagnetic?
Which element would likely be diamagnetic?
Which statement is not true about the Aufbau Principle?
Which statement is not true about the Aufbau Principle?
What configuration represents an atom with a total of 32 electrons?
What configuration represents an atom with a total of 32 electrons?
At which principal quantum number does the 4d subshell begin?
At which principal quantum number does the 4d subshell begin?
Flashcards
Emission Spectra
Emission Spectra
The line spectrum of radiation emitted by substances.
Line Spectra
Line Spectra
Light emission at specific wavelengths, unique to each element.
Continuous Spectra
Continuous Spectra
Emission of light with all wavelengths included.
Bohr's Theory
Bohr's Theory
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Element Identification
Element Identification
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Schrödinger Equation
Schrödinger Equation
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Quantum Numbers
Quantum Numbers
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Principle Quantum Number (n)
Principle Quantum Number (n)
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Secondary Quantum Number (l)
Secondary Quantum Number (l)
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Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
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Spin Quantum Number (ms)
Spin Quantum Number (ms)
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Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration
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Subshell
Subshell
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s subshell
s subshell
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p subshell
p subshell
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Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration
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Principal Quantum Number (n)
Principal Quantum Number (n)
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Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)
Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)
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s subshell
s subshell
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p subshell
p subshell
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d subshell
d subshell
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f subshell
f subshell
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
Pauli Exclusion Principle
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Hund's Rule
Hund's Rule
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Aufbau Principle
Aufbau Principle
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Orbital Diagram
Orbital Diagram
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Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
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Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
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Energy of Orbitals
Energy of Orbitals
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Periodic Table
Periodic Table
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Aufbau Principle
Aufbau Principle
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Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration
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Shielding Effect
Shielding Effect
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Energy of Orbitals
Energy of Orbitals
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Electron Location
Electron Location
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Main Group Elements
Main Group Elements
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Transition Metals
Transition Metals
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Filling Orbitals
Filling Orbitals
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Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration
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Subshell
Subshell
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s subshell
s subshell
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p subshell
p subshell
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Transition Metal Electron Configuration
Transition Metal Electron Configuration
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Atomic Number (Z)
Atomic Number (Z)
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Electron configuration rules
Electron configuration rules
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Max electrons in shell
Max electrons in shell
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Noble Gas Core Configuration
Noble Gas Core Configuration
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Valence Shell Electron Configuration
Valence Shell Electron Configuration
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Valence Shell Orbital Diagram
Valence Shell Orbital Diagram
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Electron Configuration Trend - Same Group
Electron Configuration Trend - Same Group
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Energy of Orbitals
Energy of Orbitals
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Valence Shell (Electron Configuration)
Valence Shell (Electron Configuration)
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Periodic Table Orbital Energy
Periodic Table Orbital Energy
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s subshell
s subshell
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Study Notes
Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms
- Classical physics, pre-1900, could explain gas pressure, but not molecular bonding.
- Atomic and molecular properties aren't governed by the same laws as large objects (e.g., gravity).
- Max Planck (1900): Atoms and molecules emit energy in discrete packets called quanta, not continuously.
- Planck received a Nobel Prize (1918) for his quantum theory.
Waves
- A wave transmits energy through a vibrating disturbance.
- Wavelength (λ): Distance between identical points on successive waves (units: meters).
- Frequency (v): Number of waves passing a point in one second (units: Hertz, Hz).
- Amplitude (A): Vertical distance from a wave's midline to its peak or trough (unit-less).
- Speed (u): Wavelength multiplied by frequency (u = λv): (units: meters/second).
- Different wavelengths correspond to different colors.
- Different amplitudes correspond to different brightnesses.
- Higher frequency corresponds to shorter wavelengths.
Electromagnetic Radiation
- Electromagnetic waves (Maxwell, 1873) have electric and magnetic field components, traveling perpendicular to each other.
- Electromagnetic radiation is the emission and transmission of energy in wave form.
- Light travels at 3.00 x 10⁸ m/s (c).
- Wavelength multiplied by frequency equals the speed of light (λv = c). Important to convert units to match the speed of light.
Planck's Quantum Theory
- The smallest unit of emitted or absorbed energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation is a quantum.
- Energy is always emitted/absorbed in multiples of a quantum (hv), not fractions.
- Energy (E) = Planck's constant (h) x Frequency (v) = Planck's constant (h) x speed of light (c)/ Wavelength (λ) ; Planck's constant h = 6.63 x 10⁻³⁴ J•s
The Photoelectric Effect
- Einstein (1905) confirmed Planck’s theory: light energy (high frequency) is needed to remove electrons from a metal.
- There's a minimum light frequency (threshold frequency) to eject an electron.
- Light energy (hv) = kinetic energy (KE) of emitted electron + work function (W)
- The number of ejected electrons is proportional to light intensity, but electron energy isn't.
- Light acts as a stream of particles called photons.
- Light demonstrates wave-like and particle-like behavior.
Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
- Niels Bohr (1913) received a Nobel Prize (1922).
- Emission spectra: Continuous spectra for solids and heated objects; discrete (line) spectra for gases.
- Each element has a unique, discrete emission spectrum.
- Energetically excited atoms emit radiation only at specific energies corresponding to electron energy levels (quantized.)
- When an electron transitions from a higher to lower energy orbit, it emits a photon.
- The energy (ΔE) between electron levels is calculated using the Rydberg equation. For higher levels n, the energy difference increases.
Emission Spectra Examples
- Non-continuous spectra show only specific wavelengths, indicating discrete energy levels.
- Continuous spectra with a range of frequencies, indicating a continuous energy range.
The Dual Nature of the Electron
- de Broglie (1924): Electrons behave as both waves and particles.
- Wavelength (λ) is inversely proportional to mass (m) and velocity (u): λ = h / mu.
Problems with Bohr's Model
- Bohr's theory only correctly predicted hydrogen's emission spectrum and not more complex elements.
- The model didn't account for the wave-like properties of electrons.
- The exact position of an electron in an atom is not measurable.
Schrodinger Equation and Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
- Schrodinger (1926): Developed a complex mathematical model to describe the behavior and energies of subatomic particles.
- Heisenberg (1932): The momentum (mv = p) and the position of a particle cannot be simultaneously known with perfect accuracy.
Quantum Mechanics
- Electron density: Probability of finding an electron in a specific region.
- Atomic orbital (shape): Wave function or electron density distribution for an electron in an atom, assuming single electrons.
- Schrödinger's equation can only be solved for hydrogen.
Quantum Numbers
- Orbitals are described by quantum numbers.
- n : Principal quantum number (related to shell energy and size; possible values 1, 2, 3...).
- l : Angular momentum quantum number (related to subshells shapes; possible values from 0 to n-1).
- ml : Magnetic quantum number (related to orbital orientation; possible values from -l to +l).
- ms : Electron spin quantum number (intrinsic angular momentum; + ½ or – ½ ).
Atomic Orbitals; n, l, ml
- The possible values of these quantum numbers describe the subshells.
- Possible number of orbitals increase with increasing n.
Energy of Orbitals
- Energy of an orbital depends on the principal and angular momentum quantum numbers; and electron-electron repulsions
- Periodic table order helps predict the relative energies of different elements and orbitals.
Orbital Diagrams
- Orbital diagrams show atomic orbitals and spin of electrons, with 2 electrons max per orbital.
- Spin is represented by up and down arrows, indicating opposite spin.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
- No two electrons can have identical quantum number values.
- Maximum of 2 electrons per orbital.
Hund's Rule
- Fill all orbitals in the same subshell with one electron before pairing up electrons with opposite spins.
- Most stable arrangement has maximum unpaired electrons with parallel spins.
Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism
- Paramagnetic: Atoms with unpaired electrons are drawn into a magnetic field.
- Diamagnetic: Atoms with paired spins are repelled by a magnetic field.
Electron Configurations
- Electron configurations show the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals.
- Add electrons to atomic orbitals by increasing n, filling subshells, according to principles (e.g., Hund's Rule).
Valence Shell Electron Configurations
- Valence shell is the outermost shell.
- Valence shell electron configuration shows the arrangement of electrons in the outermost shell.
- Elements in the same group have the same valence electron configurations.
Noble Gas Core Electron Configuration
- Short-hand notation for electron configuration uses preceding noble gas as a shorthand.
The Shielding Effect (many electrons)
- Inner electrons shield outer electrons from the full positive charge of the nucleus.
The Aufbau Principle
- Electrons are added to atomic orbitals in a general order based on increasing energy, rather than a constant, fixed order.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the emission spectra produced by gases and solids, and the concepts related to atomic structure, including Niels Bohr's contributions. This quiz explores how different elements can be identified by their specific emission spectra and relationships involving energy and frequency. Challenge yourself with these essential questions in atomic physics!
