Atomic Structure and Chemistry
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Questions and Answers

What is the main reason why atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons?

  • To achieve a full outer shell of eight electrons. (correct)
  • To achieve a full outer shell of twelve electrons.
  • To achieve a full outer shell of ten electrons.
  • To achieve a full outer shell of six electrons.

    • What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

  • Ionic bonds involve the transfer of protons, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.
  • Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of neutrons.
  • Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons (correct)
  • Ionic bonds involve the transfer of neutrons, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.

    • What is the main characteristic of a polar covalent bond?

  • Electrons are shared unequally between atoms. (correct)
  • Electrons are not shared between atoms.
  • Electrons are shared equally between atoms.
  • Electrons are shared only between ions.

    • What is the shape of the water molecule?

    <p>Bent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the unequal sharing of electrons in a polar covalent bond?

    <p>Partial positive and negative charges on the atoms involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why water molecules can dissolve a wide range of substances?

    <p>The polarity of water molecules allows them to form hydrogen bonds with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the strength of hydrogen bonds compared to covalent bonds?

    <p>They are about 5-10% as strong as covalent bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are hydrophobic materials not soluble in water?

    <p>Because they are nonpolar and cannot form favorable interactions with water molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell membrane (plasma membrane)?

    <p>To act as a boundary between the cell's interior and its external environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of water's high specific heat capacity?

    <p>It helps regulate temperature and supports habitats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Atomic Structure

    • Atoms are composed of three main particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons
    • Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge (neutral), and electrons have a negative charge

    Isotopes and Ions

    • An isotope is a variant of a chemical element that differs in neutron number, having the same number of protons
    • An ion is an atom or molecule with a positive (cation) or negative (anion) electrical charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

    Chemical Bonds

    • Ionic bonds: formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in positively and negatively charged ions that attract each other
    • Covalent bonds: formed when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration
    • Types of covalent bonds:
      • Polar covalent bonds: electrons are shared unequally between atoms, resulting in partial positive and negative charges
      • Nonpolar covalent bonds: electrons are shared equally between atoms, resulting in no net charge

    Water Molecule Structure and Properties

    • Water molecule (H2O) has a bent shape, with two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen atom
    • Polarity of water molecules: oxygen atom is more electronegative, creating a partial negative charge (δ-) and partial positive charges (δ+) on hydrogen atoms
    • Formation of hydrogen bonds: positively charged hydrogen atoms in one water molecule are attracted to negatively charged oxygen atoms in neighboring water molecules
    • Strength of hydrogen bonds: weaker than covalent or ionic bonds, but significant and crucial for structural stabilization
    • Properties of water: high surface tension, cohesion, adhesion, and ability to dissolve a wide range of substances

    pH and Acidity

    • pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, related to the concentration of hydrogen ions
    • More hydrogen ions result in a more acidic solution

    Hydrogen Bonding and Biological Significance

    • Hydrogen bonding is associated with properties such as surface tension, boiling point, and unique properties of water
    • Hydrophobic materials are not soluble in water due to non-polar nature, while hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water and form favorable interactions
    • Water is essential for life on Earth, serving as a solvent, regulating temperature, supporting habitats, transporting nutrients, and participating in metabolic processes

    Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

    • Function: acts as a boundary between the cell's interior and external environment

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    Description

    Review the basic components of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, as well as isotopes, ions, and the octet rule.

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