Introduction to Chemistry
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding proteins?

  • All proteins are globular.
  • Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds that can affect a protein's shape. (correct)
  • Lipoproteins are only formed from fibrous proteins.
  • Collagen is an example of a globular protein.

    • RNA contains thymine as one of its nitrogen bases.

    False

    What is the primary energy source for cellular activities?

    ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

    Nucleotides are made up of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a _________ base.

    <p>nitrogen-containing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nucleic acids with their characteristics:

    <p>DNA = Double-stranded with deoxyribose and thymine RNA = Single-stranded with ribose and uracil ATP = Nucleotide with three phosphate groups Nucleotides = Building blocks of nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance dissociates to give H+ ions?

    <p>Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A base dissociates to give OH- ions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH of a neutral solution?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A salt dissociates into _____ and _____ ions.

    <p>cations, anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines a polymer?

    <p>A large molecule made of multiple monomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of compound with its correct description:

    <p>Acid = Dissociates to give H+ Base = Dissociates to give OH- Salt = Dissociates into cations and anions Electrolyte = Conducts electricity in solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrocarbons are made of carbon and nitrogen only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organic compounds are characterized by the presence of _____ and _____.

    <p>carbon, hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest unit of an element of matter?

    <p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A compound is a combination of two or more atoms of the same element.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the atomic number of an element?

    <p>The atomic number is defined by the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of neutrons can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the _____.

    <p>mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Atom = Smallest unit of an element Element = Substance that cannot be decomposed Molecule = Combination of two or more atoms Isotope = Atom with a different number of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrons are positively charged particles that reside in an atom's nucleus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a radioisotope?

    <p>A radioisotope is an isotope that emits energy and particles as it decays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when two or more smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule?

    <p>Synthesis Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All chemical reactions are reversible in theory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when polymers are broken down into monomers in a cell?

    <p>Catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reaction, water can break into H+ and ______.

    <p>OH−</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of reactions with their descriptions:

    <p>Synthesis Reactions = Combine molecules to form larger ones Decomposition Reactions = Split larger molecules into smaller ones Exchange Reactions = Involve both synthesis and decomposition Endergonic Reactions = Absorb more energy than they release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a property of water?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-polar molecules are attracted to water and can easily dissolve in it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'hydrophilic' describe?

    <p>Polar substances that are attracted to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sugar storage form used in animals?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monosaccharides can have more than 7 carbon atoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process results in the formation of disaccharides from monosaccharides?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ are structural carbohydrates used in plants.

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of lipids with their characteristics:

    <p>Triglycerides = Contain glycerol and three fatty acids Phospholipids = Primary component of cell membranes Waxes = Firm and repel water Sterols = Rigid four-ring backbone without fatty acid tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are oligosaccharides made of?

    <p>2 to 20 monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are polar and soluble in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acids contain one or more double bonds?

    <p>Unsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    L-forms of amino acids are the least common in nature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond forms between amino acids during protein synthesis?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three-dimensional structure of a protein is known as its ______ structure.

    <p>tertiary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes secondary protein structure?

    <p>The coiling and folding of the polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following levels of protein structure with their definitions:

    <p>Primary = Specific sequence of amino acids Secondary = Coils and sheets formed by hydrogen bonds Tertiary = Overall folding of a protein Quaternary = Multiple polypeptide chains together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins can only have one function within the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a structural protein.

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemistry

    • Chemistry is the study of interactions between atoms and molecules.
    • An atom is the smallest unit of an element.
    • Matter has mass and takes up space.
    • Elements cannot be broken down into other substances.
    • Atoms combine to form molecules.
    • Atoms consist of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
    • Electrons are negatively charged particles.
    • Protons are positively charged particles.
    • Neutrons are neutral (uncharged) particles.
    • Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus.
    • Electrons orbit the nucleus.
    • Typically, the number of electrons equals the number of protons.
    • Atomic number is the number of protons.
    • Mass number is the number of protons plus neutrons.
    • Each element has a unique number of protons.
    • Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
    • Mass number minus atomic number equals the number of neutrons.
    • Radioisotopes emit energy and particles as they decay.
    • A molecule is a combination of two or more atoms.
    • A compound is a combination of two or more elements.
    • A molecular compound is the smallest unit of a compound retaining its properties.
    • Organic compounds contain carbon.
    • Mixtures are a combination of elements or compounds without chemical bonding.
    • Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels or shells.
    • Orbitals are not necessarily circular.

    Chemical Elements

    • Memorize the names and symbols of elements (Table 2.1).
    • Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons than typical.
    • Isotopes of oxygen: 16O, 17O, 18O have 8, 9, and 10 neutrons, respectively. (Atomic #=8)
    • Mass Number = Protons + Neutrons
    • Half-life is the time required for half of a radioactive substance to decay.
    • Radioisotopes are used in various applications.

    Electronic Configurations and Chemical Bonds

    • Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels.
    • Electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy.
    • Atoms are stable with filled outer electron shells.
    • Atoms form chemical bonds to fill their outer shells.
    • Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
    • Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
    • Covalent bonds can be polar (unequal sharing) or nonpolar(equal sharing).
    • Hydrogen bonds are attractive forces between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom.

    Molecular Weight and Moles

    • Molecular weight is the sum of atomic weights of atoms in a molecule.
    • One mole of a substance is its molecular weight in grams.
    • Glucose (C6H12O6) has a molecular weight of 180 g/mol.

    Chemical Reactions

    • Chemical reactions involve making or breaking bonds.
    • Energy is required to start (activate) a chemical reaction.
    • Chemical reactions are reversible.
    • Endergonic reactions absorb more energy than they release.
    • Exergonic reactions release more energy than they absorb.

    Synthesis Reactions

    • Synthesis reactions occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules.
    • Anabolism refers to synthesis reactions in cells.
    • Condensation (dehydration) synthesis combines monomers into polymers, releasing water.

    Decomposition Reactions

    • Decomposition reactions break down molecules into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.
    • Catabolism involves decomposition reactions in cells.
    • Hydrolysis reactions break polymers into monomers by adding water.

    Exchange Reactions

    • Exchange reactions are both synthesis and decomposition reactions.
    • These reactions involve a rearrangement of atoms to form new products.

    Important Biological Molecules

    • Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen.
    • Inorganic compounds typically lack carbon.
    • Water is a polar molecule allowing hydrogen bonding.
    • Water is a good solvent.
    • Polar molecules dissolve in water (hydrophilic); non-polar molecules repel water (hydrophobic).

    Acids, Bases, and Salts

    • Acids release hydrogen ions (H+).
    • Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-).
    • Salts form when acids and bases react.

    Organic Compounds

    • Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen.
    • Many organic compounds are held together by covalent bonds.
    • Carbon atoms can have up to four bonds.
    • Some organic compounds form chains or rings.
    • Hydrocarbons consist only of carbon and hydrogen.

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates have a C:H:O ratio of 1:2:1.
    • Simple sugars (monosaccharides) have 3-7 carbon atoms.
    • Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides are joined.
    • Oligosaccharides are chains of 2-20 monosaccharides.
    • Polysaccharides are large polymers of monosaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose).

    Lipids

    • Lipids are nonpolar and insoluble in water.
    • Fatty acids are long carbon chains with a carboxyl group.
    • Triglycerides are made of glycerol and three fatty acids.
    • Phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
    • Steroids have a four-ring structure.

    Proteins

    • Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
    • Amino acids have an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and a side chain (R group).
    • Peptide bonds link amino acids together.
    • Structures of proteins include: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
    • Proteins perform many functions in cells.
    • Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.

    Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
    • DNA is a double helix with deoxyribose sugar.
    • RNA is a single helix with ribose sugar.
    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide used for energy transfer.

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