Introduction to Chemistry
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding proteins?

  • All proteins are globular.
  • Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds that can affect a protein's shape. (correct)
  • Lipoproteins are only formed from fibrous proteins.
  • Collagen is an example of a globular protein.

RNA contains thymine as one of its nitrogen bases.

False (B)

What is the primary energy source for cellular activities?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Nucleotides are made up of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a _________ base.

<p>nitrogen-containing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nucleic acids with their characteristics:

<p>DNA = Double-stranded with deoxyribose and thymine RNA = Single-stranded with ribose and uracil ATP = Nucleotide with three phosphate groups Nucleotides = Building blocks of nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance dissociates to give H+ ions?

<p>Acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A base dissociates to give OH- ions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of a neutral solution?

<p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

A salt dissociates into _____ and _____ ions.

<p>cations, anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines a polymer?

<p>A large molecule made of multiple monomers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of compound with its correct description:

<p>Acid = Dissociates to give H+ Base = Dissociates to give OH- Salt = Dissociates into cations and anions Electrolyte = Conducts electricity in solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrocarbons are made of carbon and nitrogen only.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organic compounds are characterized by the presence of _____ and _____.

<p>carbon, hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit of an element of matter?

<p>Atom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A compound is a combination of two or more atoms of the same element.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the atomic number of an element?

<p>The atomic number is defined by the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of neutrons can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the _____.

<p>mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Atom = Smallest unit of an element Element = Substance that cannot be decomposed Molecule = Combination of two or more atoms Isotope = Atom with a different number of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrons are positively charged particles that reside in an atom's nucleus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a radioisotope?

<p>A radioisotope is an isotope that emits energy and particles as it decays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction occurs when two or more smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule?

<p>Synthesis Reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All chemical reactions are reversible in theory.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when polymers are broken down into monomers in a cell?

<p>Catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a reaction, water can break into H+ and ______.

<p>OH−</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of reactions with their descriptions:

<p>Synthesis Reactions = Combine molecules to form larger ones Decomposition Reactions = Split larger molecules into smaller ones Exchange Reactions = Involve both synthesis and decomposition Endergonic Reactions = Absorb more energy than they release</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a property of water?

<p>Both B and C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-polar molecules are attracted to water and can easily dissolve in it.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hydrophilic' describe?

<p>Polar substances that are attracted to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary sugar storage form used in animals?

<p>Glycogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monosaccharides can have more than 7 carbon atoms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process results in the formation of disaccharides from monosaccharides?

<p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ are structural carbohydrates used in plants.

<p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of lipids with their characteristics:

<p>Triglycerides = Contain glycerol and three fatty acids Phospholipids = Primary component of cell membranes Waxes = Firm and repel water Sterols = Rigid four-ring backbone without fatty acid tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are oligosaccharides made of?

<p>2 to 20 monosaccharides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids are polar and soluble in water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatty acids contain one or more double bonds?

<p>Unsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a protein?

<p>The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

L-forms of amino acids are the least common in nature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms between amino acids during protein synthesis?

<p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three-dimensional structure of a protein is known as its ______ structure.

<p>tertiary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes secondary protein structure?

<p>The coiling and folding of the polypeptide chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following levels of protein structure with their definitions:

<p>Primary = Specific sequence of amino acids Secondary = Coils and sheets formed by hydrogen bonds Tertiary = Overall folding of a protein Quaternary = Multiple polypeptide chains together</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins can only have one function within the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a structural protein.

<p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical properties of that element.

Chemistry

The study of the interactions between atoms and molecules.

Nucleus

The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

Electron

A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.

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Proton

A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Neutron

An uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.

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Molecule

A combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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Decomposition Reactions

A chemical reaction where molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.

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Exergonic Reactions

A reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs.

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Endergonic Reactions

A reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases.

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Anabolism

The synthesis of molecules within a cell. This process involves building larger molecules from smaller ones.

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Synthesis Reactions

A reaction involving the combination of atoms, ions, or molecules to form larger molecules.

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Catabolism

The decomposition reactions that occur within a cell. This process involves breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones.

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Reversible Reactions

The ability of a reaction to proceed in both directions, depending on conditions.

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Organic Compounds

A molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen.

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Acid

A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

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Base

A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.

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Salt

A compound formed when an acid reacts with a base, resulting in the release of water and the formation of a salt.

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pH

The measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

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Electrolyte

A substance that dissociates into ions in solution, allowing it to conduct electricity.

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Functional Group

A group of atoms, often attached to a carbon backbone, that determines the chemical properties of an organic molecule.

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Polymer

A large molecule composed of many repeating smaller units called monomers.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms, often arranged in a ring, that taste sweet and dissolve in water.

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Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis.

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Polysaccharides

Polymers of glucose that are covalently bonded together differently, used for energy storage or structural support in different organisms.

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Lipids

Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that are nonpolar and insoluble in water, including fats, oils, and waxes.

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Fatty acids

Long chains of up to 36 carbon atoms, containing a carboxyl group at one end and hydrogen atoms at nearly all other locations.

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Triglycerides

Contain a glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acids, a major energy source and stored as adipose in animals.

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Phospholipids

The primary components of cell membranes, consisting of two fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule, also linked to a phosphate group and another polar group.

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Proteins

Proteins are essential for cell structure and function, playing roles in enzyme activity, transport, and structural components.

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Protein Denaturation

The process in which the 3D shape of a protein is disrupted, typically by breaking weak bonds like hydrogen bonds, leaving the protein unable to function properly.

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Lipoprotein

A type of protein that combines with lipids to form complex structures in the body.

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Nucleic Acid

A long chain of nucleotides that carries genetic information in the form of a sequence of bases.

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Nucleotide

The monomer unit of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A type of nucleic acid responsible for carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized.

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Amino Acid

Organic compounds containing an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group) all attached to a central carbon atom.

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Peptide Bond

The specific covalent bonds between amino acids in a protein chain.

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Primary Structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein chain, like the letters in a word.

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Secondary Structure

The local folding patterns within a protein chain, like the folds in a piece of paper.

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Tertiary Structure

The complete three-dimensional shape of a protein, including all the twists, turns, and folds.

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Quaternary Structure

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains within a protein, like multiple puzzle pieces fitting together.

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Structural Proteins

Proteins that provide support and structure to cells and tissues.

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Transport Proteins

Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across cell membranes or within the body.

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Study Notes

Chemistry

  • Chemistry is the study of interactions between atoms and molecules.
  • An atom is the smallest unit of an element.
  • Matter has mass and takes up space.
  • Elements cannot be broken down into other substances.
  • Atoms combine to form molecules.
  • Atoms consist of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
  • Electrons are negatively charged particles.
  • Protons are positively charged particles.
  • Neutrons are neutral (uncharged) particles.
  • Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus.
  • Electrons orbit the nucleus.
  • Typically, the number of electrons equals the number of protons.
  • Atomic number is the number of protons.
  • Mass number is the number of protons plus neutrons.
  • Each element has a unique number of protons.
  • Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
  • Mass number minus atomic number equals the number of neutrons.
  • Radioisotopes emit energy and particles as they decay.
  • A molecule is a combination of two or more atoms.
  • A compound is a combination of two or more elements.
  • A molecular compound is the smallest unit of a compound retaining its properties.
  • Organic compounds contain carbon.
  • Mixtures are a combination of elements or compounds without chemical bonding.
  • Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels or shells.
  • Orbitals are not necessarily circular.

Chemical Elements

  • Memorize the names and symbols of elements (Table 2.1).
  • Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons than typical.
  • Isotopes of oxygen: 16O, 17O, 18O have 8, 9, and 10 neutrons, respectively. (Atomic #=8)
  • Mass Number = Protons + Neutrons
  • Half-life is the time required for half of a radioactive substance to decay.
  • Radioisotopes are used in various applications.

Electronic Configurations and Chemical Bonds

  • Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels.
  • Electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy.
  • Atoms are stable with filled outer electron shells.
  • Atoms form chemical bonds to fill their outer shells.
  • Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
  • Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
  • Covalent bonds can be polar (unequal sharing) or nonpolar(equal sharing).
  • Hydrogen bonds are attractive forces between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom.

Molecular Weight and Moles

  • Molecular weight is the sum of atomic weights of atoms in a molecule.
  • One mole of a substance is its molecular weight in grams.
  • Glucose (C6H12O6) has a molecular weight of 180 g/mol.

Chemical Reactions

  • Chemical reactions involve making or breaking bonds.
  • Energy is required to start (activate) a chemical reaction.
  • Chemical reactions are reversible.
  • Endergonic reactions absorb more energy than they release.
  • Exergonic reactions release more energy than they absorb.

Synthesis Reactions

  • Synthesis reactions occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules.
  • Anabolism refers to synthesis reactions in cells.
  • Condensation (dehydration) synthesis combines monomers into polymers, releasing water.

Decomposition Reactions

  • Decomposition reactions break down molecules into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.
  • Catabolism involves decomposition reactions in cells.
  • Hydrolysis reactions break polymers into monomers by adding water.

Exchange Reactions

  • Exchange reactions are both synthesis and decomposition reactions.
  • These reactions involve a rearrangement of atoms to form new products.

Important Biological Molecules

  • Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen.
  • Inorganic compounds typically lack carbon.
  • Water is a polar molecule allowing hydrogen bonding.
  • Water is a good solvent.
  • Polar molecules dissolve in water (hydrophilic); non-polar molecules repel water (hydrophobic).

Acids, Bases, and Salts

  • Acids release hydrogen ions (H+).
  • Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-).
  • Salts form when acids and bases react.

Organic Compounds

  • Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen.
  • Many organic compounds are held together by covalent bonds.
  • Carbon atoms can have up to four bonds.
  • Some organic compounds form chains or rings.
  • Hydrocarbons consist only of carbon and hydrogen.

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates have a C:H:O ratio of 1:2:1.
  • Simple sugars (monosaccharides) have 3-7 carbon atoms.
  • Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides are joined.
  • Oligosaccharides are chains of 2-20 monosaccharides.
  • Polysaccharides are large polymers of monosaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose).

Lipids

  • Lipids are nonpolar and insoluble in water.
  • Fatty acids are long carbon chains with a carboxyl group.
  • Triglycerides are made of glycerol and three fatty acids.
  • Phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
  • Steroids have a four-ring structure.

Proteins

  • Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
  • Amino acids have an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and a side chain (R group).
  • Peptide bonds link amino acids together.
  • Structures of proteins include: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
  • Proteins perform many functions in cells.
  • Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
  • DNA is a double helix with deoxyribose sugar.
  • RNA is a single helix with ribose sugar.
  • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide used for energy transfer.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of chemistry, including the structure of atoms, the composition of matter, and the formation of molecules. Test your understanding of atomic structure, elements, isotopes, and the interactions between atoms and molecules.

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