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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes lipids from other organic molecules?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes lipids from other organic molecules?
What is the term for a single subunit of a nucleic acid?
What is the term for a single subunit of a nucleic acid?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
What is the term for a chemical reaction that leads to the breakdown of organic polymers into smaller subunits?
What is the term for a chemical reaction that leads to the breakdown of organic polymers into smaller subunits?
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What is the generalized structure of an amino acid?
What is the generalized structure of an amino acid?
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What type of chemical bond is responsible for the attraction between the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atoms in a water molecule?
What type of chemical bond is responsible for the attraction between the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atoms in a water molecule?
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What determines the type of atom?
What determines the type of atom?
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What is the role of an enzyme in a chemical reaction?
What is the role of an enzyme in a chemical reaction?
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What is the difference between a catabolic and an anabolic reaction?
What is the difference between a catabolic and an anabolic reaction?
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What is the term for the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur?
What is the term for the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur?
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What is the pH of a neutral substance?
What is the pH of a neutral substance?
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What is the term for the attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom and another electronegative atom?
What is the term for the attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom and another electronegative atom?
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What is the 'octet rule' in chemistry?
What is the 'octet rule' in chemistry?
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Study Notes
What is an Element?
- An element is a substance that consists of only one type of atom.
- The human body is composed of elements that constitute over 95% of its atoms, including oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and calcium.
Atom, Element, and Molecule
- An atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element.
- An element is a substance that consists of only one type of atom.
- A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together.
Structure of an Atom
- An atom is composed of three particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
- Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom, while electrons orbit around the nucleus.
- The mass of an atom is determined by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- The charge of an atom is determined by the number of electrons.
Atomic Number and Ions
- The atomic number of an atom describes the number of protons in the nucleus.
- Changing the atomic number changes the type of atom.
- An ion is an atom that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge.
Isotopes and Octet Rule
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
- The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain or lose electrons to achieve a full outer energy level of eight electrons.
- The octet rule helps to determine the formation of chemical bonds.
Valence Electrons and Covalent Bonds
- Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.
- Valence electrons are important in the formation of chemical bonds.
- A covalent bond is a chemical bond that forms when two or more atoms share valence electrons.
- There are two types of covalent bonds: polar and nonpolar.
Hydrogen Bonds
- A hydrogen bond is a weak type of chemical bond that forms between atoms with a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom.
- Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds.
- In a sample of water, covalent bonds would be found between oxygen and hydrogen atoms, while hydrogen bonds would be found between water molecules.
Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions
- A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent.
- A solvent is a substance that is able to dissolve other substances.
- A solution is a mixture of a solute and a solvent.
- Hydrophobic substances are nonpolar and tend to repel water, while hydrophilic substances are polar and tend to attract water.
Energy and Chemical Reactions
- Potential energy is the energy stored in a system, while kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
- Chemical bonds represent a form of potential energy.
- Catabolic reactions are reactions that release energy, while anabolic reactions are reactions that require energy.
- Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, increasing the rate of the reaction.
Enzymes
- An enzyme active site is the region of the enzyme where the substrate binds.
- Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.
- Factors that can affect an enzyme's ability to catalyze a chemical reaction include temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.
Acids and Bases
- An acid is a substance that donates a proton, while a base is a substance that accepts a proton.
- pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
- A lower pH level indicates a higher concentration of hydrogen ions.
Organic Molecules
- An organic molecule is a molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- The four classes of organic molecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
- A monomer is a small molecule that can be linked together to form a polymer.
- A polymer is a large molecule composed of many monomers.
Carbohydrates
- The generalized chemical formula for a carbohydrate is C₆H₁₂O₆.
- Carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural components in the human body.
- Examples of carbohydrates include monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose), and polysaccharides (starch).
Amino Acids
- An amino acid is a molecule that contains a carboxyl group and an amino group.
- The generalized structure of an amino acid is R-CH(NH₂)-COOH.
- Examples of amino acids include glycine, alanine, and serine.
Nucleic Acids
- A single subunit of a nucleic acid is called a nucleotide.
- The generalized structure of a nucleotide is a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- Examples of nucleic acids include DNA and RNA.
- Nucleic acids serve as genetic material and play a role in protein synthesis.
Lipids
- Lipids are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms, but are insoluble in water.
- The presence of nonpolar bonds gives lipids their characteristic insolubility.
- Examples of lipids include triglycerides and phospholipids.
- Lipids serve as energy sources and structural components in the human body.
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Description
Test your knowledge of atomic structure, elements, and chemistry fundamentals, including atoms, molecules, ions, and isotopes.
