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Questions and Answers
What does the number of protons in an atom determine?
Which particle's charge is responsible for the net charge of an atom?
What is the mass of a neutron compared to that of a proton?
What aspect of atomic structure does the periodic table primarily convey?
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Why does the mass number of an element often appear as a decimal on the periodic table?
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Which of the following particles contributes to the stability of an atom's nucleus?
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What defines isotopes of an element?
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How many protons are present in all isotopes of Carbon?
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What is the chemical formula of methane gas?
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In the methane molecule, how many pairs of shared electrons exist between carbon and each hydrogen atom?
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What is the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in methane gas?
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Which type of bond is formed between hydrogen and carbon in methane?
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What visual representation is used to indicate a covalent bond?
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How many hydrogen atoms are bonded to the central carbon atom in a methane molecule?
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Which statement best describes the sharing of electrons in methane?
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What is the overall molecular structure of methane?
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Which statement best describes elements?
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What was the primary contribution of John Dalton to atomic theory?
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What aspect of the atom did Ernest Rutherford discover?
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How did Niels Bohr refine Rutherford's atomic model?
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Which of the following best describes protons?
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What characterizes electrons in an atom?
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What determines the type of atom?
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Which atomic model is characterized by electrons being embedded in a positive 'pudding'?
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What is the arrangement of electrons in a neutral chlorine atom?
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Why do two chlorine atoms form a covalent bond?
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What is the chemical formula for chlorine gas?
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How many valence electrons does a neutral oxygen atom have?
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What type of bond is formed between two oxygen atoms?
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What is the arrangement of electrons in a neutral carbon atom?
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How are double covalent bonds represented in chemical formulas?
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What do two atoms share to achieve a full outer shell in a covalent bond?
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How many additional electrons does a carbon atom need to achieve a full outer shell?
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What do both atoms achieve when they form a covalent bond?
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In which of the following molecules is a single covalent bond present?
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What is the total number of electrons in a neutral molecule of oxygen gas (O2)?
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What does a hydrogen atom need to achieve a full first shell?
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What type of bond does methane (CH4) contain?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
- The atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons are positively charged and are found in the nucleus.
- Neutrons have no charge and are also found in the nucleus.
- Electrons are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus.
- The number of protons in an atom defines the element.
- The mass of an atom is determined by adding the number of protons and neutrons.
- The charge of an atom is determined by the ratio of protons to electrons.
- The ratio of neutrons to protons influences the stability of an atom.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons.
- For example, carbon has three known isotopes: Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14.
- The mass number shown on the periodic table is the average mass of all isotopes of an element.
Covalent Bonding
- Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
- No ions are formed and atoms remain neutral.
- Chlorine gas (Cl2) forms a single covalent bond by sharing a pair of electrons.
- Each chlorine atom has 17 electrons, arranged 2, 8, 7.
- Oxygen gas (O2) forms a double covalent bond by sharing two pairs of electrons.
- Each oxygen atom has 8 electrons, arranged 2, 6.
- Methane (CH4) forms four single covalent bonds, with each hydrogen atom sharing a pair of electrons with the central carbon atom.
- Each hydrogen atom has 1 electron, while carbon has 6 electrons, arranged 2, 4.
- The ratio of elements in a covalent compound is determined by the number of valence electrons each atom needs to achieve a full outer shell.
Covalent Bonding: Water (H2O) & Ammonia (NH3)
- Water (H2O) is a covalent compound with two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom.
- Ammonia (NH3) is a covalent compound with three hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one nitrogen atom.
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Description
Test your knowledge on atomic structure, isotopes, and covalent bonding. This quiz covers key concepts of subatomic particles, the significance of isotopes, and how atoms interact to form bonds. Perfect for students studying chemistry.
