Atomic Spectra: Hydrogen to X-ray Spectrum

• Study notes on atomic spectra, covering hydrogen atom spectrum to X-ray spectrum widths.

Hydrogen Atom Spectrum

• Describes the unique patterns of light emitted by hydrogen atoms when electrons transition between energy levels.

Orbital Magnetic Moment of Hydrogen

• Arises from the electron's orbital motion around the nucleus, creating a magnetic dipole moment.

Larmor Precession

• The precession of the magnetic moment of an atom around an external magnetic field.

Stern-Garlach Experiment

• Demonstrated the spatial quantization of angular momentum by splitting a beam of silver atoms into discrete components.

Electron Spin

• Intrinsic angular momentum of electrons, quantized and independent of orbital motion.

Vector Atom Model

• Describes the combination of orbital and spin angular momenta to determine the total angular momentum of an atom.

Spin-Orbit Interaction and Fine Structure

• Interaction between the electron's spin and orbital angular momenta, leading to fine structure splitting of spectral lines.

Pauli’s Exclusion Principle and Electronic Configuration

• No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers, determining the electronic configuration of atoms.

Total Angular Momentum in Many Electron Atoms

• Combination of individual electron angular momenta to determine the total angular momentum of the atom.

L-S Coupling

• Coupling scheme where individual electron orbital angular momenta (L) and spin angular momenta (S) combine to form total L and S, which then couple to form total angular momentum J.

j-j Coupling

• Coupling scheme where individual electron orbital angular momentum (l) and spin angular momentum (s) combine to form total angular momentum j, and then the individual j's couple to form the total angular momentum J.

Hund Rules

• Rules for determining the ground state electronic configuration of atoms based on maximizing total spin, total orbital angular momentum, and total angular momentum.

Energy Levels and Transitions of Helium

• Discusses the energy levels and transitions in helium, including singlet and triplet states due to electron spin.

Alkali Spectra

• Alkali metals have spectra resembling hydrogen due to a single valence electron outside a closed core.

Shielding of Core Electrons

• Core electrons reduce the effective nuclear charge experienced by valence electrons.

Spectral Terms of Equivalent Electrons

• Describes how to determine the allowed spectral terms for atoms with multiple equivalent electrons.

Normal Zeeman Effect

• Splitting of spectral lines in a magnetic field due to the interaction between the atom's magnetic moment and the external field.

Experimental Arrangement and Theory

• The detailed setups and principles behind observing the Zeeman effect.

Anomalous Zeeman Effect

• A more complex splitting pattern observed when electron spin is considered.

Paschen-Bach Effect

• The decoupling of L and S in very strong magnetic fields, leading to a simpler splitting pattern.

Stark Effect

• Splitting of spectral lines in an electric field.

Characteristics X-ray Spectrum

• X-ray spectra produced by electronic transitions in the inner shells of atoms.

Moseley’s Law

• The relationship between the wavelength of characteristic X-rays and the atomic number of the element.

Width of Spectral Lines

• Factors contributing to the broadening of spectral lines, such as Doppler broadening and lifetime broadening.