Atomic Orbitals and Periodic Trends

Atomic Orbitals

• Definition: Atomic orbitals are the regions around an atom where an electron is likely to be found.
• Shapes: Atomic orbitals have specific shapes, which can be:
  • Spherical (s-orbitals)
  • Dumbbell-shaped (p-orbitals)
  • Four-leaf clover-shaped (d-orbitals)
  • Complex shapes (f-orbitals)
• Node: A node is a region where the probability of finding an electron is zero.
• Energy Levels: Atomic orbitals are arranged in energy levels, with s-orbitals having the lowest energy and f-orbitals having the highest energy.

Periodic Trends

• Atomic Radius:
  • Decreases from left to right across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.
  • Increases from top to bottom down a group due to increasing number of energy levels.
• Electronegativity:
  • Increases from left to right across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.
  • Decreases from top to bottom down a group due to increasing distance from the nucleus.
• Ionization Energy:
  • Increases from left to right across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.
  • Decreases from top to bottom down a group due to increasing distance from the nucleus.
• Electron Affinity:
  • Increases from left to right across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.
  • Decreases from top to bottom down a group due to increasing distance from the nucleus.

Note: These notes focus on the key concepts and trends related to atomic orbitals and periodic trends, providing a concise and clear overview of the topic.

This quiz covers the basics of atomic orbitals, including their shapes and energy levels, as well as periodic trends such as atomic radius, electronegativity, ionization energy, and electron affinity.