Atomic Orbitals and Periodic Trends

ما هو الشكل الأكثر تناسياً لمدار s-أوربيتال؟

ما هو اتجاه تغيير نصف القطر الذري khi moving from left to right across a period?

ما هو اتجاه تغيير طاقة التأين khi moving from top to bottom down a group?

ما هو الشكل الأكثر تناسياً لمدار d-أوربيتال؟

ما هو اتجاه تغيير سالبية الذرة khi moving from left to right across a period?

ما هو tên المجموعة التي تحتوي على العناصر مثل البورون والكربون والsilicon؟

ما هو نوع العناصر التي تتواجد في المجموعة 1 والـ 2 في الجدول الدوري؟

ما هو тен الـoxidation states الذي تظهره العناصر في المجموعة 13-16؟

ما هو tên المجموعة التي تحتوي على العناصر مثل الفلور والchlorine واليود؟

ما هو لون الأيونات التي يظهرها العناصر في-transition metals؟

Atomic Orbitals

Definition: Atomic orbitals are the regions around an atom where an electron is likely to be found.
Shapes: Atomic orbitals have specific shapes, which can be:
- Spherical (s-orbitals)
- Dumbbell-shaped (p-orbitals)
- Four-leaf clover-shaped (d-orbitals)
- Complex shapes (f-orbitals)
Node: A node is a region where the probability of finding an electron is zero.
Energy Levels: Atomic orbitals are arranged in energy levels, with s-orbitals having the lowest energy and f-orbitals having the highest energy.

Periodic Trends

Atomic Radius:
- Decreases from left to right across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.
- Increases from top to bottom down a group due to increasing number of energy levels.
Electronegativity:
- Increases from left to right across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.
- Decreases from top to bottom down a group due to increasing distance from the nucleus.
Ionization Energy:
- Increases from left to right across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.
- Decreases from top to bottom down a group due to increasing distance from the nucleus.
Electron Affinity:
- Increases from left to right across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.
- Decreases from top to bottom down a group due to increasing distance from the nucleus.

Note: These notes focus on the key concepts and trends related to atomic orbitals and periodic trends, providing a concise and clear overview of the topic.