Atmosphere and Layers of the Planets
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary composition of the atmospheres of terrestrial planets?

  • Nitrogen and oxygen
  • Argon and neon
  • Nitrogen and carbon dioxide (correct)
  • Helium and hydrogen

What is the layer of the atmosphere where meteors burn up?

  • Exosphere
  • Stratosphere
  • Mesosphere (correct)
  • Thermosphere

What is the shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun?

  • Elliptical (correct)
  • Rectangular
  • Triangular
  • Circular

What is the approximate angle of Earth's axis tilt?

<p>23.5° (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the Sun appear to rise in the east and set in the west?

<p>Due to Earth's rotation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the seasons on Earth?

<p>The tilt of Earth's axis and its orbit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of tides on Earth?

<p>The gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the giant impact hypothesis related to?

<p>The formation of the Moon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which NASA program was the first to land humans on the Moon?

<p>Apollo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Atmosphere and Layers

  • The solar system consists of 8 planets, each with its own unique atmosphere:
    • Terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars): thin atmospheres, mostly composed of nitrogen and carbon dioxide
    • Gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune): thick atmospheres, mostly composed of hydrogen and helium
  • Layers of the atmosphere:
    • Exosphere: outermost layer, where atmospheric gases escape into space
    • Thermosphere: layer where aurorae occur, temperatures increase with altitude
    • Mesosphere: layer where meteors burn up, temperatures decrease with altitude
    • Stratosphere: layer where ozone layer is present, temperatures increase with altitude
    • Troposphere: lowest layer, where weather occurs, temperatures decrease with altitude

Orbit of Earth and Tilt of the Axis

  • Earth's orbit:
    • Elliptical shape, with the Sun at one of the foci
    • Takes approximately 365.25 days to complete one orbit
    • Orbital velocity: approximately 29.78 km/s
  • Earth's tilt:
    • Axis tilted at approximately 23.5° from the plane of the orbit
    • Causes seasonal variations on Earth

Everyday Phenomenon

  • Rising and Setting of the Sun:
    • Due to Earth's rotation, the Sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west
    • Angle of the Sun's rays changes throughout the day, affecting the apparent position of the Sun
  • Rising and Setting of Other Stars:
    • Due to Earth's rotation, stars appear to move in the sky
    • Some stars are visible in the night sky, while others are below the horizon

Yearly Phenomenon

  • Seasonal Variation:
    • Caused by Earth's tilt and orbit around the Sun
    • Four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter
    • Seasons vary in duration and characteristics depending on the hemisphere
  • Phases of the Moon:
    • Caused by the relative positions of the Earth, Sun, and Moon
    • Eight distinct phases: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, waning crescent
  • Tides:
    • Caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun on the Earth's oceans
    • Two high tides and two low tides daily, due to the Moon's orbit
  • Formation of the Moon:
    • Giant impact hypothesis: Moon formed from debris left over after a massive collision between Earth and a Mars-sized object
    • Capture hypothesis: Moon formed elsewhere in the solar system and was captured by Earth's gravity
  • Major Lunar Missions:
    • NASA's Apollo program: first human missions to land on the Moon (1969-1972)
    • Soviet Union's Luna program: first unmanned missions to impact the Moon's surface (1959) and return lunar samples (1970)

Atmospheric Composition

  • Terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) have thin atmospheres composed mostly of nitrogen and carbon dioxide
  • Gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) have thick atmospheres composed mostly of hydrogen and helium

Atmospheric Layers

  • Exosphere: outermost layer where atmospheric gases escape into space
  • Thermosphere: layer where aurorae occur, temperatures increase with altitude
  • Mesosphere: layer where meteors burn up, temperatures decrease with altitude
  • Stratosphere: layer where ozone layer is present, temperatures increase with altitude
  • Troposphere: lowest layer, where weather occurs, temperatures decrease with altitude

Earth's Orbit and Tilt

  • Earth's orbit is elliptical in shape with the Sun at one of the foci
  • It takes approximately 365.25 days to complete one orbit
  • Orbital velocity is approximately 29.78 km/s
  • Earth's axis is tilted at approximately 23.5° from the plane of the orbit, causing seasonal variations

Celestial Observations

  • The Sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west due to Earth's rotation
  • The angle of the Sun's rays changes throughout the day, affecting the apparent position of the Sun
  • Stars appear to move in the sky due to Earth's rotation
  • Some stars are visible in the night sky, while others are below the horizon

Seasonal and Lunar Phenomena

  • Seasonal variations occur due to Earth's tilt and orbit around the Sun
  • There are four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter
  • Seasons vary in duration and characteristics depending on the hemisphere
  • The Moon orbits the Earth, causing phases of the Moon: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, waning crescent
  • Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun on the Earth's oceans
  • There are two high tides and two low tides daily, due to the Moon's orbit

Lunar Formation and Exploration

  • The Moon formed from debris left over after a massive collision between Earth and a Mars-sized object (Giant Impact Hypothesis)
  • Alternatively, the Moon formed elsewhere in the solar system and was captured by Earth's gravity (Capture Hypothesis)
  • NASA's Apollo program sent the first humans to land on the Moon (1969-1972)
  • The Soviet Union's Luna program sent the first unmanned missions to impact the Moon's surface (1959) and return lunar samples (1970)

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Explore the unique atmospheres of the planets in our solar system, including their composition and layers. Learn about the exosphere, thermosphere, and more.

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