Atlantic World Chapter 12 Exam Prep

The era characterized by increased global interconnectedness, trade, and cultural exchange, primarily focusing on the Atlantic region. This era witnessed the rise of European colonialism and its impact on indigenous societies.

The period from the 16th to 18th centuries, marked by the Protestant Reformation, challenging the authority of the Roman Catholic Church.

An intellectual and cultural movement in Europe, characterized by reason, logic, and scientific inquiry. It emphasized individualism, human rights, and progress.

The final monarch of the Aztec Empire, ruling during the Spanish conquest led by Hernán Cortés. His capture and subsequent death led to the fall of the Aztec civilization.

A Portuguese explorer who led the first European expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa, reaching India. His journey established Portuguese trade routes to the East.

The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg, revolutionized literature and the spread of ideas.

A European explorer who led the conquest of Tenochtitlan (the Aztec capital) and started the Spanish expansion in the Americas.

The capture of Constantinople (now Istanbul) by the Ottoman Empire in 1453, which disrupted trade routes, forcing Europeans to look westward and southward for new trade routes.

A system of forced labor in the Spanish colonies of the Americas, where Amerindians were obligated to work for Spanish landowners.

A land grant system in the Spanish colonies, giving Spanish settlers control over Amerindian labor and resources.

The first European expedition to explore the Americas, led by Christopher Columbus, who landed in the Caribbean, mistakenly believing he had reached Asia.

The method of expansion used by Portugal, characterized by establishing trading posts and securing trade routes.

The method of expansion used by Spain, characterized by conquest, colonization, and exploitation of resources.

The idea that a person's fate is predetermined by God before they are born, making their actions irrelevant to their salvation.

The response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reaffirming its teachings and combating corruption within the Church.

The system of trade that arose during the Early Modern Period, involving the exchange of goods, people, and particularly silver from Americas, Europe, and Asia.

The Protestant Reformation was fueled by the widespread use of the printing press which allowed for fast and efficient dissemination of ideas.

Martin Luther's 95 Theses, outlining his grievances against the Catholic Church, were widely circulated with the help of the printing press, contributing to the rapid spread of Reformation ideas.

A political philosophy that emphasizes the inherent goodness of humans and their ability to govern themselves. Supports limited government and individual rights.

The belief that humans are innately flawed and require a strong, absolute monarch to maintain order and prevent chaos.

A system of government where power is derived from the consent of the governed and citizens have a say in their own rule.

The period of intellectual and cultural upheaval in Europe, marked by scientific inquiry, reason, and a shift away from traditional authority.

The study of someone's character and personality based on their physical appearance, particularly facial features.

A network of interconnected intellectuals and thinkers during the Enlightenment, sharing ideas and promoting knowledge.

An economic theory suggesting that free markets, without government intervention, will naturally regulate themselves through competition and supply and demand.

A political system where power rests with the people and is exercised through elected representatives.

The French Revolution

A political and economic system where the means of production are owned collectively, rather than by individuals or corporations.

A social and economic system that proposes utopian communities based on cooperation and shared resources, aiming to create a more just and equitable society.

The British monarch during the French Revolution, whose execution marked a pivotal moment in the revolution.

The French revolutionary leader who oversaw the Reign of Terror, ultimately meeting his own demise by guillotine.

The period after the French Revolution, where European powers attempted to restore monarchies and traditional power structures while also grappling with the ideas of liberalism and nationalism.

A period of intense intellectual and social transformation marked by new ideas, ideologies, and movements challenging existing power structures.