Atherosclerosis Risk Factors

Arteriosclerosis = Diffuse process involving thickening of small arteries and arterioles Atherosclerosis = Process involving accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue on the intimal layer of large and medium-sized arteries Atheromas or plaques = Accumulations associated with arteriosclerosis Stenosis, thrombosis, aneurysm, ulceration, rupture = Direct results of atherosclerosis in arteries

Malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis = Indirect results of atherosclerosis in arteries Generalized disease of the arteries = Characteristic of atherosclerosis Extremities presence indicates systemic presence = Feature of atherosclerosis Muscle fibers and endothelial lining thickening = Characteristic features of arteriosclerosis

Pathologic processes of arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis = Rarely occurring without each other Sensitivity to reduction in nutrient supply = Effect on actively functioning tissue cells Interchangeable use of terminologies = Common for arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis Abundant supply of nutrients and oxygen requirement = Sensitivity of functioning tissue cells

<p>Prolonged hemodynamic forces = Vascular endothelial cell injury Shearing stresses and turbulent flow = Vascular endothelial cell injury Irradiation = Vascular endothelial cell injury Chronic hyperlipidemia = Vascular endothelial cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal abdominal aorta = Vulnerable to atherosclerosis Common iliac arteries = Vulnerable to atherosclerosis Orifice of the superficial femoral and profunda femoris arteries = Vulnerable to atherosclerosis Superficial femoral artery in the adductor canal = Vulnerable to atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe and permanent reductions = Ischemic necrosis Fibrous tissue replacement = Ischemic necrosis Atherosclerosis development = Cellular damage Any part of the vascular system = Cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reaction-to-injury theory = Incorporates tenets of several theories No single theory explains pathogenesis completely = Development of atherosclerosis Theories about development of atherosclerosis = Incorporated into reaction-to-injury theory Tenets of several theories = Development of atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity = Associated with increased risk of damage in the vasculature Hypertension = Associated with increased risk of damage in the vasculature Hypercholesterolemia = Associated with increased risk of damage in the vasculature Elevated blood glucose levels = Associated with increased risk of damage in the vasculature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress = Contributes to the disease process Lack of exercise = Contributes to the disease process Nicotine product use = Contributes to the disease process Positive family history of cardiovascular disease = Contributes to the disease process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-reactive protein (CRP) levels = Sensitivity marker of cardiovascular inflammation Increasing age = Associated with increased risk of damage in the vasculature Serum CRP levels = Slight increases associated with increased risk of damage in the vasculature CRP levels accompanied by other risk factors = Associated with increased risk of damage in the vasculature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes = Increases overall risk two- to fourfold Inflammation = Multifactorial effect on onset and progression Derangement of various cell types within vessel walls = Part of multifactorial effect on onset and progression Coagulation promotion and fibrinolysis inhibition = Part of multifactorial effect on onset and progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Profunda femoris = Greater severity of disease Segments below the knee = Greater severity of disease Above-knee segments = Carotid arteries =</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotine use = Decreases blood flow to the extremities and increases heart rate and blood pressure Carbon monoxide exposure = Combines more readily with hemoglobin than oxygen, depriving the tissues of oxygen Smoking = Decreases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and alters cholesterol ratios Tobacco use = Directly related to the extent of atherosclerotic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotine use = Increases the risk of clot formation by increasing the aggregation of platelets Carbon monoxide exposure = A toxin produced by burning tobacco, which increases platelet aggregation Smoking = Alters the ratios between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Tobacco use = Leads to increased platelet aggregation due to the toxins in tobacco</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotine use = Alters the ratios between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Carbon monoxide exposure = Deprives tissues of oxygen by combining readily with hemoglobin Smoking = Decreases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and alters cholesterol ratios Tobacco use = Directly related to decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotine use = Decreases blood flow to the extremities and increases heart rate and blood pressure Carbon monoxide exposure = Combines more readily with hemoglobin than oxygen, leading to decreased oxygen supply to tissues Smoking = Leads to decreased blood flow to extremities and increased heart rate and blood pressure Tobacco use = Directly related to decreased blood flow and increased heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotine use = One of the most important risk factors in the development of atherosclerotic lesions Carbon monoxide exposure = Combines more readily with hemoglobin than oxygen, depriving the tissues of oxygen, contributing to atherosclerosis Smoking = Directly related to the extent of atherosclerotic disease Tobacco use = Increases risk of atherosclerotic disease, and cessation reduces the risk</p> Signup and view all the answers