Atherosclerosis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an atheromatous plaque?

  • Increased blood flow (correct)
  • Vascular inflammation
  • Build up of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris
  • Endothelial dysfunction

    • What is the primary theory used to explain the development of atherosclerosis?

  • The response-to-injury hypothesis (correct)
  • The vascular permeability theory
  • The lipid accumulation theory
  • The inflammatory response theory

    • What is one consequence of endothelial cell dysfunction?

  • Reduced leukocyte adhesion
  • Increased blood flow
  • Decreased vascular permeability
  • Increased thrombosis (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of endothelial cell injury?

    <p>Hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the blood vessel once endothelial cell damage occurs?

    <p>It becomes more impermeable to blood components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the response-to-injury hypothesis?

    <p>Endothelial cell injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the development of atherosclerosis?

    <p>They release inflammatory mediators that contribute to plaque formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries?

    <p>Angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of plaque rupture in the arteries?

    <p>Formation of a blood clot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does advanced atherosclerosis typically show?

    <p>Crusting and ulceration of plaques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is commonly inspected for signs of atherosclerosis post-mortem?

    <p>Thoracic or abdominal aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the risks associated with advanced atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>They may cause mural thromboses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if blood flow is blocked by a clot formed from plaque rupture?

    <p>Interruption of nutrient supply (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one visual characteristic of mild atherosclerosis?

    <p>Some raised irregularities or yellow streaks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often noted about the fibrous cap of the plaque during progression of atherosclerosis?

    <p>It can become thin and prone to rupture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of complicated plaques in advanced atherosclerosis?

    <p>Presence of significant calcium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two predominant mechanical forces exerted by blood flow on blood vessel walls?

    <p>Pressure and shear stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does shear stress affect endothelial cells in blood vessels?

    <p>It influences their function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition is blood flow considered laminar?

    <p>When it is parallel to the vessel wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to laminar flow when it transitions to turbulent flow?

    <p>It becomes disturbed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the levels of shear stress in blood vessels?

    <p>Type of blood flow and vessel shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of endothelial dysfunction?

    <p>Increased plaque formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes turbulent blood flow?

    <p>Flow pattern has oscillatory shear stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pressure do to vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells?

    <p>Stimulates muscle contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What caused the significant reduction of blood flow to Mr. Jones' heart?

    <p>Atherosclerosis leading to plaque rupture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the plaque observed in Mr. Jones' coronary artery?

    <p>Fibronecrotic tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the lumen of Mr. Jones' diseased coronary artery compare to a healthy artery?

    <p>It is abnormally small in diameter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event likely led to Mr. Jones’ acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>Superimposed thrombus formation on plaque rupture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Mr. Jones' coronary artery condition is incorrect?

    <p>The plaque was entirely made up of healthy tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant visual characteristic observed in the plaque during examination?

    <p>It appeared dark and non-pink like the muscular wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What likely contributed to the strain on Mr. Jones’ heart in addition to restricted blood flow?

    <p>Hypoxia caused by insufficient oxygen delivery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway accurately describes the progression of Mr. Jones' cardiac condition?

    <p>Plaque rupture -&gt; Thrombus formation -&gt; Myocardial infarction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do LDLs and VLDLs undergo that is significant in the progression of atherosclerosis?

    <p>They get oxidized. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to monocytes during the progression of atherosclerosis?

    <p>They transform into macrophages and enter the tunica intima. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells migrate into the tunica intima to contribute to foam cell formation?

    <p>Smooth muscle cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does atherosclerosis begin to be clearly observable and can still be reversed?

    <p>Fatty streaks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the final stage of atherosclerosis, specifically the atheromatous plaque?

    <p>It is a complex structure with lipid accumulation and a fibrous cap. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle changes can reverse the formation of fatty streaks in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Increased physical activity and healthy diet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the artery wall do smooth muscle cells migrate into during the atherosclerotic process?

    <p>Tunica intima (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that leads to the formation of fatty streaks?

    <p>Oxidized LDL and foam cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a potential risk of atherosclerosis in Mr. Jones' son?

    <p>Presence of viscous yellow-white lipid in blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the triglyceride level recorded for Mr. Jones' son?

    <p>160 mg/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid level is considered high in Mr. Jones' son?

    <p>Total Cholesterol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid marker shows the highest risk level in Mr. Jones' son?

    <p>Low Density Lipoproteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the findings from Mr. Jones’ son’s blood sample?

    <p>Opaque lipid layer suggests abnormal lipid presence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high level of Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) generally suggest?

    <p>Increased risk for cardiovascular disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of a semi-transparent serum in a healthy patient sample indicate?

    <p>Normal lipid levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of comparing Mr. Jones’ son’s blood results with reference tables?

    <p>To determine the exact cause of increased lipid presence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Module 02: Cardiovascular Disorders

    • This module focuses on cardiovascular diseases, specifically atherosclerosis and channelopathies.
    • It's designed to be used with online modules; the companion guide is supplementary.
    • Do not share the module companion guide with unauthorized students. This is a violation of Queens University's Academic Integrity Policy.

    Table of Contents

    • Introduction to Module 02: Cardiovascular Disorders
    • Learning Outcomes
    • Module Assessments
    • Team-Based Learning Assignment #1
    • Course Icons, and Module Outline
    • Atherosclerosis Section (contains case studies, autopsy reports, questions, risk factors etc)
      • Case Presentation: Mr. Jones, and related autopsy reports.
      • Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis
      • The Response-to-Injury Hypothesis
      • Stable and Vulnerable Plaques
      • Development of Atherosclerotic Plaque
      • Progression of Aortic Atherosclerosis
    • Channelopathies Section (case studies, autopsy reports, etc):
      • Case Presentation: Benjamin
      • Benjamin's Autopsy Report, and Family History
      • Inheritable Cardiovascular Diseases
      • Genetic factors associated with Long QT Syndrome
      • Additional Considerations of Genetic Testing, and testing for Tianna

    Introduction to Module 02

    • The cardiovascular system has three components: the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
    • This module explores pathologies in the heart and vasculature.
    • It includes sections on atherosclerosis and channelopathies.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Students will be able to describe components relevant to understanding cardiovascular diseases.
    • Students will compare and contrast atherosclerosis and channelopathys.
    • Students will identify and explain testing approaches for cardiovascular diseases.
    • Students will apply their knowledge to a hypothetical scenario to describe a possible etiology, mechanism, testing approach, pathological findings and treatment for a cardiovascular condition.

    Module Assessments

    • Includes a team-based learning assignment.
    • Includes a module-related assessment.

    Course Icons

    • This module uses icons to guide learning.
    • The icons, descriptions of each, and function will vary throughout the course, module, and sections.

    Important Considerations

    • Students should consult the online learning materials for any discrepancies between the guide and online materials.
    • Do not share the module guide with students who are not enrolled in PATH 310.

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    Related Documents

    PATH 310 Module 02 Companion Guide PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the characteristics and consequences of atheromatous plaques and endothelial cell dysfunction. This quiz covers key theories and mechanisms related to the development of atherosclerosis, including the role of macrophages and potential outcomes in coronary arteries.

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