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Questions and Answers
Which age group has the highest incidence of myocardial infarction?
Which age group has the highest incidence of myocardial infarction?
Which group is relatively protected against atherosclerosis and its consequences compared to age-matched men?
Which group is relatively protected against atherosclerosis and its consequences compared to age-matched men?
Which factors can predispose premenopausal women to atherosclerosis and its complications?
Which factors can predispose premenopausal women to atherosclerosis and its complications?
At what stage of life does the incidence of atherosclerosis-related diseases increase in women?
At what stage of life does the incidence of atherosclerosis-related diseases increase in women?
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What is the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women?
What is the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women?
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Which factor is sufficient to induce atherosclerotic lesions in the absence of other risk factors?
Which factor is sufficient to induce atherosclerotic lesions in the absence of other risk factors?
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Which lipoprotein is considered a major risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Which lipoprotein is considered a major risk factor for atherosclerosis?
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Which group has a higher incidence of atherosclerosis-related diseases at older ages?
Which group has a higher incidence of atherosclerosis-related diseases at older ages?
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Which lipids are dominant in plaques implicated in atherogenesis?
Which lipids are dominant in plaques implicated in atherogenesis?
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What is the effect of lowering serum cholesterol on atherosclerosis?
What is the effect of lowering serum cholesterol on atherosclerosis?
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Which factor increases the risk of ischemic heart disease by approximately 60% compared to normotensive populations?
Which factor increases the risk of ischemic heart disease by approximately 60% compared to normotensive populations?
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What is the effect of prolonged cigarette smoking on the death rate from ischemic heart disease?
What is the effect of prolonged cigarette smoking on the death rate from ischemic heart disease?
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Which condition induces hypercholesterolemia and markedly increases the risk of atherosclerosis?
Which condition induces hypercholesterolemia and markedly increases the risk of atherosclerosis?
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What is the incidence of Myocardial Infraction in people with diabetes compared to normoglycemic individuals?
What is the incidence of Myocardial Infraction in people with diabetes compared to normoglycemic individuals?
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According to the response-to-injury hypothesis, what is the chronic inflammatory response of the arterial wall to?
According to the response-to-injury hypothesis, what is the chronic inflammatory response of the arterial wall to?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 key players in the response-to-injury hypothesis?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 key players in the response-to-injury hypothesis?
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What are the dominant lipids found in plaques implicated in atherogenesis?
What are the dominant lipids found in plaques implicated in atherogenesis?
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Which of the following is the result of endothelial cell injury in atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is the result of endothelial cell injury in atherosclerosis?
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What is the effect of increased cholesterol on endothelial cell function?
What is the effect of increased cholesterol on endothelial cell function?
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What is the role of oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis?
What is the role of oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis?
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Which of the following is true about fatty streaks in atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is true about fatty streaks in atherosclerosis?
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What happens during the conversion of fatty streaks into mature atheromas?
What happens during the conversion of fatty streaks into mature atheromas?
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Which site is typically more severely affected by atherosclerosis compared to the coronary arteries?
Which site is typically more severely affected by atherosclerosis compared to the coronary arteries?
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What is the effect of plaque inflammation on collagen synthesis and degradation?
What is the effect of plaque inflammation on collagen synthesis and degradation?
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Which lipids are dominant in plaques implicated in atherogenesis?
Which lipids are dominant in plaques implicated in atherogenesis?
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Which layer(s) of the artery are involved in a true aneurysm?
Which layer(s) of the artery are involved in a true aneurysm?
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What is the main difference between a true aneurysm and a false (pseudoaneurysm)?
What is the main difference between a true aneurysm and a false (pseudoaneurysm)?
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How does an arterial dissection occur?
How does an arterial dissection occur?
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Which arteries are typically spared in thoracic aortic aneurysms?
Which arteries are typically spared in thoracic aortic aneurysms?
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What is the term for a defect in the vascular wall that leads to an extravascular hematoma communicating with the intravascular space?
What is the term for a defect in the vascular wall that leads to an extravascular hematoma communicating with the intravascular space?
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What are aneurysms?
What are aneurysms?
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Which two factors are the most important causes of endothelial cell injury?
Which two factors are the most important causes of endothelial cell injury?
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Where do plaques tend to occur in hemodynamic forces?
Where do plaques tend to occur in hemodynamic forces?
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What is the effect of increased cholesterol on endothelial cell function?
What is the effect of increased cholesterol on endothelial cell function?
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What do activated macrophages produce that drives LDL oxidation and smooth muscle cell proliferation?
What do activated macrophages produce that drives LDL oxidation and smooth muscle cell proliferation?
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Where are atherosclerotic sites typically more severe?
Where are atherosclerotic sites typically more severe?
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Which syndrome is caused by mutations in fibrillin?
Which syndrome is caused by mutations in fibrillin?
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What is the most common cause of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)?
What is the most common cause of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)?
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Which gender is more commonly affected by Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)?
Which gender is more commonly affected by Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)?
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Which group has a higher risk of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)?
Which group has a higher risk of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)?
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What can cause ischemia of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) in the context of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)?
What can cause ischemia of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) in the context of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)?
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What is the consequence of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) rupture?
What is the consequence of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) rupture?
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What is the main cause of connective tissue degradation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)?
What is the main cause of connective tissue degradation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)?
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What can obstruction of vessels branching off the aorta in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA) lead to?
What can obstruction of vessels branching off the aorta in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA) lead to?
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Which of the following is a cause of inadequate/abnormal connective tissue synthesis, specifically with defective elastin and collagen synthesis?
Which of the following is a cause of inadequate/abnormal connective tissue synthesis, specifically with defective elastin and collagen synthesis?
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Which type of collagen is defective in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
Which type of collagen is defective in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
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Which enzyme degrades arterial connective tissue in the wall?
Which enzyme degrades arterial connective tissue in the wall?
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Which of the following is a potential complication of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)?
Which of the following is a potential complication of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)?
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Which of the following is a major risk factor for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms?
Which of the following is a major risk factor for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms?
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What are the signs and symptoms of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms?
What are the signs and symptoms of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms?
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Which age group is more likely to develop Aortic Dissection?
Which age group is more likely to develop Aortic Dissection?
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What is the morphology of Aortic Dissection?
What is the morphology of Aortic Dissection?
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Which artery may be compressed by blood dissecting upward from a tear with Aortic Dissection?
Which artery may be compressed by blood dissecting upward from a tear with Aortic Dissection?
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What symptoms may patients with Aortic Dissection present with?
What symptoms may patients with Aortic Dissection present with?
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What can a massive amount of hemorrhage due to Aortic Dissection lead to?
What can a massive amount of hemorrhage due to Aortic Dissection lead to?
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What is a potential complication of Aortic Dissection?
What is a potential complication of Aortic Dissection?
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What are the clinical features of Aortic Dissection?
What are the clinical features of Aortic Dissection?
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What is the effect of Aortic Dissection on the carotid artery?
What is the effect of Aortic Dissection on the carotid artery?
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Which layer of the artery is usually affected by Aortic Dissection?
Which layer of the artery is usually affected by Aortic Dissection?
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What inhibits the propagation of dissecting hematoma in Aortic Dissection?
What inhibits the propagation of dissecting hematoma in Aortic Dissection?
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In the presence of substantial atherosclerosis or other causes of medial scarring, Aortic Dissection is...
In the presence of substantial atherosclerosis or other causes of medial scarring, Aortic Dissection is...
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Study Notes
Myocardial Infarction
- The highest incidence of myocardial infarction occurs in older age groups.
- Premenopausal women are relatively protected against atherosclerosis compared to age-matched men.
Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors
- Factors predisposing premenopausal women to atherosclerosis include diabetes, obesity, and smoking.
- The incidence of atherosclerosis-related diseases in women increases significantly post-menopause.
- Estrogen replacement therapy may decrease cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.
Atherosclerotic Lesions
- Elevated LDL cholesterol alone is sufficient to induce atherosclerotic lesions in the absence of other risk factors.
- LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.
- Older age groups, including men, have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis-related diseases.
Lipids in Atherosclerosis
- Dominant lipids found in plaques implicated in atherogenesis include cholesterol and triglycerides.
- Lowering serum cholesterol can slow the progression of atherosclerosis and reduce plaque formation.
Hypertension and Ischemic Heart Disease
- Hypertension increases the risk of ischemic heart disease by approximately 60% compared to normotensive populations.
- Prolonged cigarette smoking significantly raises the death rate from ischemic heart disease.
- Diabetes induces hypercholesterolemia and markedly increases the risk of atherosclerosis.
Response-to-Injury Hypothesis
- The chronic inflammatory response of the arterial wall is triggered by various injurious stimuli.
- Endothelial cell injury in atherosclerosis is characterized by increased permeability and leukocyte adhesion.
Fatty Streaks and Atheromas
- Fatty streaks are early lesions that may progress into mature atheromas under certain conditions.
- Plaque inflammation leads to collagen degradation and reduced stability of atherosclerotic lesions.
Aneurysms
- A true aneurysm involves all layers of the artery, whereas a false (pseudoaneurysm) does not.
- Aortic dissections occur due to a tear in the arterial wall, leading to the formation of a hematoma.
Aortic Aneurysms
- The thoracic aorta typically spares the coronary and renal arteries in aneurysmal disease.
- Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) frequently arise from atherosclerosis and are more common in men.
Connective Tissue Disorders
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome involves defective synthesis of type III collagen, compromising vascular integrity.
- Two major causes of endothelial cell injury are hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
Aortic Dissection
- Aortic dissection predominantly affects the intimal layer of the artery.
- Symptoms may include severe, sudden chest or back pain, potentially leading to hemorrhagic complications.
Clinical Recognition
- Aortic dissection can compress nearby arteries, impacting blood flow and potentially leading to organ ischemia.
- Early recognition of symptoms and prompt treatment are critical to preventing severe complications in aortic diseases.
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Description
Test your knowledge on atherosclerosis and its impact on premenopausal women. Discover why women in this stage of life are relatively protected against this cardiovascular condition compared to men.
