Atheroma and Atherosclerosis Overview

<p>They promote inflammation and cell proliferation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcific deposits in muscular arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endothelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased oxygenation of tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidize LDL and become foam cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dominated by lipid-filled foam cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They proliferate and migrate to form a neointima. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatty streaks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atherosclerosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic arteries and large muscular arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LDL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral vascular disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HDL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proliferation of smooth muscle cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High plasma cholesterol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol clefts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of thrombosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aneurysm formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischaemic heart disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular physical exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older than 10 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Response-to-injury hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High levels of HDL cholesterol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelet adhesion and PDGF release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing saturated fat intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secrete cytokines promoting inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low vitamin D levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased LDL cholesterol levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A build-up of lipids (like cholesterol) inside and outside the artery wall, mainly in the inner layers (intima and media). The lesion is characterized by a soft, yellowish core and a firm, white fibrous covering, which can obstruct blood flow and weaken the artery wall.

A general term for hardening and thickening of artery walls, making them less elastic.

A type of arteriosclerosis characterized by the formation of atheromas (fatty plaques) in artery walls.

The process by which atheromas develop in arteries.

The hypothesis that damage to the inner lining of arteries (intima) triggers a series of events that lead to atheroma formation.

Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis where plaque builds up inside the arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow.

Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis affects muscular arteries in older people, causing calcification within their walls.

Arteriolosclerosis affects small arteries and arterioles, causing thickening and narrowing of their walls. It's often associated with high blood pressure.

Endothelial cells play a crucial role in blood clotting, maintaining a smooth blood flow surface, and regulating blood vessel permeability. They can be damaged by factors like high cholesterol.

Smooth muscle cells can migrate to the inner layer of the artery and proliferate, contributing to plaque formation. They can also take up cholesterol and become foam cells.

Macrophages engulf oxidized LDL and become foam cells, which are a key component of plaque. They also release substances that can damage the artery walls.

Platelets contribute to blood clotting and can also stimulate smooth muscle cell growth, further contributing to plaque formation. They can also release growth factors that promote inflammation.

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that release inflammatory mediators like TNF, which can affect cholesterol metabolism and promote inflammation.

A condition where blood flow to the intestines is reduced, causing pain, nausea, and vomiting.

A condition where blood flow to the legs is reduced, causing pain and cramping during exercise.

A type of dementia caused by multiple small strokes in the brain.

A condition where the blood flow to a part of the colon is reduced, causing pain, bleeding, and diarrhea.

A type of hyperlipidemia where the body produces too much cholesterol.

A waxy yellow deposit under the skin, often found around the eyelids, that can be a sign of high cholesterol.

A thin, yellow, slightly raised area in the inner lining of arteries, caused by lipids accumulating in the intima. They are common in kids and can progress to more serious lesions.

A buildup of lipid deposits, smooth muscle cells, and other materials in the arterial walls, forming a raised, yellow-white structure. Can progress to complicated plaque form.

A complex, unstable form of plaque with features like thrombosis, hemorrhage, calcification, and aneurysm formation. These can be more dangerous as they can rupture and cause major problems.

Initial stages of atherosclerotic plaque formation involve the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the intima, accumulation of lipid deposits, and the presence of foam cells.

Late stages of plaque formation involve the formation of fibrous tissue, necrosis, and cholesterol clefts. The plaque can also extend into the media, causing damage to the artery wall, and may even fissure.

A process involving endothelial damage, platelet activation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Macrophages also play a role by engulfing lipids and becoming foam cells.

The most common cause of heart disease, arising from atherosclerosis affecting the coronary arteries. It can lead to chest pain (angina), heart attacks (MI), arrhythmias, cardiac failure, and sudden death.

A blockage of an artery supplying the brain, leading to brain damage. Can manifest as transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes) or full-blown strokes.

Increased pressure on the blood vessels due to excess force exerted by blood flowing through them. Often associated with atherogenesis as it contributes to endothelial injury.

Damage to the endothelial lining of the blood vessels. It's a key trigger in the formation of atheromas.

The process involves platelets sticking to the injured endothelial lining, releasing platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). This in turn stimulates smooth muscle cells to multiply and migrate to the site of the injury, eventually forming a plaque.

The presence of more LDL (bad cholesterol) in the bloodstream than HDL (good cholesterol). This can contribute to atherogenesis by promoting the build-up of cholesterol in the artery walls.

The process where macrophages engulf excess lipids in the artery wall, becoming 'foam cells' and contributing to atheroma formation.

Inflammatory substances released by cells like foam cells, which can further stimulate smooth muscle cell growth, recruitment of other inflammatory cells, and the development of atheroma.