ASU Bio 181 Exam 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

The association of ribosomes with _ invaginations would support the _ theory.

membrane, endomembrane

After a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is?

filapodia, lamellipodia, cell muscle, retraction fiber

It is presumed that the peroxisomes evolved in these primitive, proto-eukaryotes to remove oxygen, which was toxic to the primitive cells.

True

In an extant prokaryotic cell the outer boundary of life is the capsule.

False Signup and view all the answers

When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cells, the cancer cells become spherical and they can still go through cell division.

True Signup and view all the answers

Loss of the cell wall was required for the endomembrane system theory.

True Signup and view all the answers

Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy.

True Signup and view all the answers

Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory.

True Signup and view all the answers

TEM provides a thin, two-dimensional section of the object being studied.

True Signup and view all the answers

The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.

True Signup and view all the answers

The ancient earth did not contain much oxygen.

True Signup and view all the answers

A normal cell is _ and for growth.

mortal, anchorage dependent Signup and view all the answers

Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory.

True Signup and view all the answers

The cytoskeleton gave rise to the nuclear envelope.

False Signup and view all the answers

What limits how big a cell can be?

the surface area to volume ratio Signup and view all the answers

DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular.

True Signup and view all the answers

Why did motility improve the fitness of these early cells?

it allowed them to move away from predators and towards food Signup and view all the answers

The end of the retraction fiber touching the cell culture plate still contains the cell equivalent of super glue.

True Signup and view all the answers

The presumed first step in the transition of the primitive, proto-prokaryotic cell into the primitive, proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of the cell wall.

True Signup and view all the answers

In order to examine cells which are smaller than can be detected by the human senses what needs to be used?

technology Signup and view all the answers

A cell that is itself an organism must have a minimum of four needs presented in lecture.

find food, find shelter, find mate, and reproduce Signup and view all the answers

Compared to bacteria, which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food?

lymphocyte, macrophage, and fibroblast Signup and view all the answers

In your own multicellular body, different cells in your body have a division of labor between them.

True Signup and view all the answers

The paramecium swims by way of using a flagella.

False Signup and view all the answers

A normal cell is anchorage-dependent for growth and mortal.

True Signup and view all the answers

What limits the paramecium from acquiring more complex functions?

cannot fit anymore biomachinery into its space Signup and view all the answers

Comparing a single-celled eukaryotic organism with a multicellular organism such as yourself, identify the major difference from the list below.

division of labor Signup and view all the answers

In cell biology, what can limit the progress of science?

technology Signup and view all the answers

A cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibition.

True Signup and view all the answers

Explain what limits an individual cell from becoming more complex.

individual cells have a limited number of biomolecular machines. In a multicellular organism, you get a division of labor between different cell types so that the whole can do more than the sum of the parts with a similar number of biomolecular machines per cell. Signup and view all the answers

The contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary precursor of the kidney.

True Signup and view all the answers

A single-celled eukaryotic organism:

has a limited number of biomolecular machines, must find food, shelter, a mate, and reproduce, escape from predators Signup and view all the answers

The paramecium discussed in class contained an organelle, the contractile vacuole. This is the presumed precursor of the:

kidney Signup and view all the answers

In your own multicellular body, cells with functions have different DNA.

False Signup and view all the answers

A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth and immortal.

False Signup and view all the answers

If something is soluble in water, a shell of hydration forms around it and it is termed:

hydrophilic Signup and view all the answers

Active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration.

False Signup and view all the answers

Facilitated diffusion uses a channel to let components move down their concentration gradient.

True Signup and view all the answers

A single-pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel.

False Signup and view all the answers

When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, the contents of the lumen of the vesicle are:

ligands that are used in cell communication Signup and view all the answers

The ER is contiguous with the golgi apparatus.

False Signup and view all the answers

Amino acids can be largely subdivided into groups. What are the two groups?

hydrophobic and hydrophilic Signup and view all the answers

What are the orphaned organelles orphaned from?

they are mitochondria and chloroplasts and they orphaned from the endomembrane system Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7-pass transmembrane protein?

single is a singular protein that passes once through the bilayer and cannot create an ion channel; a 7-pass protein goes through the bilayer 7 times creating channels for ion passage. Signup and view all the answers

For a protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum's lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane:

a ribosome binds to the mRNA and a short stretch of protein is synthesized that contains a signal sequence. Signup and view all the answers

We are made up of ____ percent water.

50-70 Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?

triglyceride has 3 fatty acids and phospholipid has 2 Signup and view all the answers

The ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of a membrane?

cell protection and controlling cell movement Signup and view all the answers

It's a simple matter (i.e. thermodynamically) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum.

False Signup and view all the answers

Is cholesterol good or bad to have in biological membranes?

good Signup and view all the answers

The plasma membrane gets new lipids from:

none of the above Signup and view all the answers

Consider the geography of cells. Actin filaments are present in the cell's and the microtubules are present in the cell's .

cortex, interior Signup and view all the answers

Chromosomes are made out of euchromatin.

False Signup and view all the answers

Where is the histone H1 found?

they are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei Signup and view all the answers

The diameter of an intermediate filament is 25 nm.

False Signup and view all the answers

The actin filament system is present in the nucleus.

False Signup and view all the answers

To get into the nucleus a component has to have the correct signal sequence and pass through a nuclear pore.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which cytoskeleton filament system lines the inside of the nucleus to protect it?

microtubules Signup and view all the answers

Cilia and microvilli contain a similar number of parallel actin filaments.

False Signup and view all the answers

Naked DNA does not exist in nature of parallel actin filaments.

False Signup and view all the answers

Naked DNA does not exist in Nature but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the nucleosomal core have in it (i.e. the basketball-like structure on the slides)?

histones Signup and view all the answers

Molecular motors use ATP as the energy source to power the molecular motor.

True Signup and view all the answers

The actin filament system extends outside of the cell.

False Signup and view all the answers

Heterochromatin does not exist in interphase nuclei.

False Signup and view all the answers

Many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in M phase of the cell cycle.

True Signup and view all the answers

Gap 1 of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what it is supposed to do as part of its cell type; in other words, that is when a liver cell is doing its function as a liver cell.

True Signup and view all the answers

List the three categories of cells in the body with regard to the cell cycle:

<ol> <li>cells that never go through the cell cycle again once you're born (neurons, muscles) 2) cells that can be induced to go through the cell cycle by injury (liver) 3) cells that are constantly going through the cell cycle (skin, blood cells, intestine/enterocytes)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Cytoplasmic signal transduction controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle.

True Signup and view all the answers

In your body, not all cells go through the cell cycle.

True Signup and view all the answers

At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., cdk) to regulate the checkpoint.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.

True Signup and view all the answers

The activation of both MPF and MAPK results in _ _ (two words) of the cytoplasm during M-phase.

setting down Signup and view all the answers

The synthesis/presence of cyclin is what turns on the cdk as the cdk is always present, but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degraded in cycles.

True Signup and view all the answers

During mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell is settled down.

True Signup and view all the answers

The __ begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle, causing the chromosomes to begin to _.

cyclin B1, decondense Signup and view all the answers

In the time span of 10 years, every cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle.

False Signup and view all the answers

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells takes two forms:

animal: contractile ring formation; plant: phragmoplast formation Signup and view all the answers

An important checkpoint regulator is at Gap2/M-phase transition. Here cyclin B and Cdk1 activate and form MPF which becomes a __ _ (two words) and causes the DNA to condense into ____.

histone kinase, chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

After DNA synthesis (i.e., S-phase), an identical copy of the DNA has been made and this is present in the two chromatids when viewed as the chromosome.

True Signup and view all the answers

For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a neighboring cell where the ligand diffuses directly from one cell to another, it is called ______ communication.

paracrine Signup and view all the answers

There are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (i.e. signal transduction); one uses and the other uses __.

protein kinases, calcium signal Signup and view all the answers

For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a cell and uses the circulatory system to get to the responding cell, it is called ______ communication.

endocrine Signup and view all the answers

When a cell talks to itself, it is called communication ______ cells.

within Signup and view all the answers

Two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of plasma membrane receptors. These are and .

cyclic AMP and MAP kinase Signup and view all the answers

There are two types of receptors; one type of receptor binds to bipolar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the _ __.

plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

The other point where MAPK can become active is ______ of the cell cycle.

M phase Signup and view all the answers

MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the ____ _. If kinase becomes active during interphase, the cell is triggered to progress through the __.

cell cycle, cell cycle Signup and view all the answers

When insulin binds to a receptor, this signal first uses?

kinases Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ribosomes and Endomembrane Theory

Association of ribosomes with membrane invaginations supports the endomembrane theory.

Cell Movement Mechanism

Cell movement sequence: filopodia, lamellipodia, cell muscle, retraction fiber.

Peroxisomes and Evolution

Peroxisomes evolved in primitive proto-eukaryotes to detoxify oxygen, which was harmful.

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

In prokaryotic cells, the outer boundary of life is the cell membrane, not the capsule.

Cancer Cell Behavior

Cancer cells can become spherical when crowded by neighboring cells but still undergo division.

Endomembrane System Theory

The loss of the cell wall was a necessary condition for the endomembrane system theory.

Microscopy Techniques

Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy, aiding in cellular visualization.

Eukaryotic Transition

Loss of the cell wall is crucial in the evolution from proto-prokaryotic to proto-eukaryotic cells.

Cell Structure Observation

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) provides thin, two-dimensional sections of specimens.

Cytoskeleton Role

The cytoskeleton is essential for primitive cell motility.

Early Earth Conditions

The ancient Earth had low oxygen levels, presenting a different atmosphere.

Cell Growth Characteristics

Normal cells are mortal and anchorage-dependent for growth.

Ribosome Function in Endomembrane

Ribosomes are associated with membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory.

Cell Wall and Nuclear Envelope

The cytoskeleton is not responsible for the formation of the nuclear envelope.

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

The size limit of a cell is determined by the surface area to volume ratio.

Prokaryotic DNA Structure

DNA in modern prokaryotic cells is circular.

Early Cell Fitness and Motility

Motility improved early cell fitness by allowing movement away from predators and towards food sources.

Retraction Fiber Function

The end of the retraction fiber still adheres to the cell culture plate for stability.

Cell Development Transition

The initial step from primitive proto-prokaryotic to proto-eukaryotic cell involved cell wall loss.

Examination of Small Cells

Advanced technology is required to study cells smaller than what can be detected by human senses.

Cell Activity Needs

A unicellular organism must find food, shelter, a mate, and reproduce.

Cell Division of Labor

In multicellular organisms, different cells have specific functions, indicating a division of labor.

Paramecium Movement Mechanism

Paramecium swim using cilia, not flagella.

Cell Cycle Responsible Cells

Neurons and muscle cells do not re-enter the cell cycle post-birth, while liver cells can under certain conditions.

Cytoplasmic Signal Transduction

Cytoplasmic signaling regulates cell cycle checkpoints.

Cancer and Cell Cycle Regulation

Cancer is characterized by the loss of regulatory control over the cell cycle.

Cyclins in Cell Cycle Control

Cyclin presence is crucial for activating cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), which regulate the cell cycle.

Cytoplasmic Changes During Mitosis

Mitosis involves changes in the cytoplasm, with cytoplasmic components settling down.

Cytokinesis Mechanisms

Cytokinesis occurs in two forms: contractile ring formation in animals and phragmoplast formation in plants.

Ligand Communication Types

Paracrine communication involves local diffusion of signals, while endocrine communication uses the circulatory system.

Signal Transduction Mechanisms

Cytoplasmic signaling occurs through protein kinases and calcium signals.

Receptor Types

Bipolar (hydrophilic) ligands bind to receptors located in the plasma membrane.

MAPK Activation and Function

MAPK activation impacts the cell cycle, playing different roles during interphase and mitosis.

Insulin Signaling Pathway

Insulin binding to its receptor initiates signaling through kinases, influencing cellular responses.

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Prepare for your Bio 181 Exam 1 with these flashcards that cover essential concepts such as ribosome associations, cell morphology, and the evolution of peroxisomes. Test your knowledge and reinforce your understanding of cell biology topics key to exam success.

ASU Bio 181 Exam 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

The association of ribosomes with _____ invaginations would support the _____ theory.

After a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is?

It is presumed that the peroxisomes evolved in these primitive, proto-eukaryotes to remove oxygen, which was toxic to the primitive cells.

In an extant prokaryotic cell the outer boundary of life is the capsule.

When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cells, the cancer cells become spherical and they can still go through cell division.

Loss of the cell wall was required for the endomembrane system theory.

Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy.

Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory.

TEM provides a thin, two-dimensional section of the object being studied.

The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.

The ancient earth did not contain much oxygen.

A normal cell is _____ and ____ for growth.

Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory.

The cytoskeleton gave rise to the nuclear envelope.

What limits how big a cell can be?

DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular.

Why did motility improve the fitness of these early cells?

The end of the retraction fiber touching the cell culture plate still contains the cell equivalent of super glue.

The presumed first step in the transition of the primitive, proto-prokaryotic cell into the primitive, proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of the cell wall.

In order to examine cells which are smaller than can be detected by the human senses what needs to be used?

A cell that is itself an organism must have a minimum of four needs presented in lecture.

Compared to bacteria, which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food?

In your own multicellular body, different cells in your body have a division of labor between them.

The paramecium swims by way of using a flagella.

A normal cell is anchorage-dependent for growth and mortal.

What limits the paramecium from acquiring more complex functions?

Comparing a single-celled eukaryotic organism with a multicellular organism such as yourself, identify the major difference from the list below.

In cell biology, what can limit the progress of science?

A cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibition.

Explain what limits an individual cell from becoming more complex.

The contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary precursor of the kidney.

A single-celled eukaryotic organism:

The paramecium discussed in class contained an organelle, the contractile vacuole. This is the presumed precursor of the:

In your own multicellular body, cells with functions have different DNA.

A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth and immortal.

If something is soluble in water, a shell of hydration forms around it and it is termed:

Active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration.

Facilitated diffusion uses a channel to let components move down their concentration gradient.

A single-pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel.

When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, the contents of the lumen of the vesicle are:

The ER is contiguous with the golgi apparatus.

Amino acids can be largely subdivided into groups. What are the two groups?

What are the orphaned organelles orphaned from?

What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7-pass transmembrane protein?

For a protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum's lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane:

We are made up of ____ percent water.

What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?

The ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope.

What are the functions of a membrane?

It's a simple matter (i.e. thermodynamically) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Is cholesterol good or bad to have in biological membranes?

The plasma membrane gets new lipids from:

Consider the geography of cells. Actin filaments are present in the cell's ____ and the microtubules are present in the cell's ____.

Chromosomes are made out of euchromatin.

Where is the histone H1 found?

The diameter of an intermediate filament is 25 nm.

The actin filament system is present in the nucleus.

To get into the nucleus a component has to have the correct signal sequence and pass through a nuclear pore.

Which cytoskeleton filament system lines the inside of the nucleus to protect it?

Cilia and microvilli contain a similar number of parallel actin filaments.

Naked DNA does not exist in nature of parallel actin filaments.

Naked DNA does not exist in Nature but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube.

What does the nucleosomal core have in it (i.e. the basketball-like structure on the slides)?

Molecular motors use ATP as the energy source to power the molecular motor.

The actin filament system extends outside of the cell.

Heterochromatin does not exist in interphase nuclei.

Many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in M phase of the cell cycle.

Gap 1 of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what it is supposed to do as part of its cell type; in other words, that is when a liver cell is doing its function as a liver cell.

List the three categories of cells in the body with regard to the cell cycle:

Cytoplasmic signal transduction controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle.

In your body, not all cells go through the cell cycle.

At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., cdk) to regulate the checkpoint.

Cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.

The activation of both MPF and MAPK results in _______ _______ (two words) of the cytoplasm during M-phase.

The synthesis/presence of cyclin is what turns on the cdk as the cdk is always present, but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degraded in cycles.

During mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell is settled down.

The ________ begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle, causing the chromosomes to begin to _______.

In the time span of 10 years, every cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle.

The association of ribosomes with _ invaginations would support the _ theory.

A normal cell is _ and for growth.

Consider the geography of cells. Actin filaments are present in the cell's and the microtubules are present in the cell's .

The activation of both MPF and MAPK results in _ _ (two words) of the cytoplasm during M-phase.

The __ begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle, causing the chromosomes to begin to _.

An important checkpoint regulator is at Gap2/M-phase transition. Here cyclin B and Cdk1 activate and form MPF which becomes a __ _ (two words) and causes the DNA to condense into ____.

There are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (i.e. signal transduction); one uses and the other uses __.

Two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of plasma membrane receptors. These are and .

There are two types of receptors; one type of receptor binds to bipolar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the _ __.

MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the ____ _. If kinase becomes active during interphase, the cell is triggered to progress through the __.