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Questions and Answers
The association of ribosomes with _____ invaginations would support the _____ theory.
The association of ribosomes with _____ invaginations would support the _____ theory.
membrane, endomembrane
After a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is?
After a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is?
filapodia, lamellipodia, cell muscle, retraction fiber
It is presumed that the peroxisomes evolved in these primitive, proto-eukaryotes to remove oxygen, which was toxic to the primitive cells.
It is presumed that the peroxisomes evolved in these primitive, proto-eukaryotes to remove oxygen, which was toxic to the primitive cells.
True
In an extant prokaryotic cell the outer boundary of life is the capsule.
In an extant prokaryotic cell the outer boundary of life is the capsule.
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When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cells, the cancer cells become spherical and they can still go through cell division.
When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cells, the cancer cells become spherical and they can still go through cell division.
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Loss of the cell wall was required for the endomembrane system theory.
Loss of the cell wall was required for the endomembrane system theory.
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Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy.
Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy.
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Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory.
Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory.
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TEM provides a thin, two-dimensional section of the object being studied.
TEM provides a thin, two-dimensional section of the object being studied.
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The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.
The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.
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The ancient earth did not contain much oxygen.
The ancient earth did not contain much oxygen.
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A normal cell is _____ and ____ for growth.
A normal cell is _____ and ____ for growth.
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Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory.
Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory.
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The cytoskeleton gave rise to the nuclear envelope.
The cytoskeleton gave rise to the nuclear envelope.
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What limits how big a cell can be?
What limits how big a cell can be?
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DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular.
DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular.
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Why did motility improve the fitness of these early cells?
Why did motility improve the fitness of these early cells?
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The end of the retraction fiber touching the cell culture plate still contains the cell equivalent of super glue.
The end of the retraction fiber touching the cell culture plate still contains the cell equivalent of super glue.
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The presumed first step in the transition of the primitive, proto-prokaryotic cell into the primitive, proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of the cell wall.
The presumed first step in the transition of the primitive, proto-prokaryotic cell into the primitive, proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of the cell wall.
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In order to examine cells which are smaller than can be detected by the human senses what needs to be used?
In order to examine cells which are smaller than can be detected by the human senses what needs to be used?
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A cell that is itself an organism must have a minimum of four needs presented in lecture.
A cell that is itself an organism must have a minimum of four needs presented in lecture.
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Compared to bacteria, which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food?
Compared to bacteria, which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food?
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In your own multicellular body, different cells in your body have a division of labor between them.
In your own multicellular body, different cells in your body have a division of labor between them.
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The paramecium swims by way of using a flagella.
The paramecium swims by way of using a flagella.
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A normal cell is anchorage-dependent for growth and mortal.
A normal cell is anchorage-dependent for growth and mortal.
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What limits the paramecium from acquiring more complex functions?
What limits the paramecium from acquiring more complex functions?
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Comparing a single-celled eukaryotic organism with a multicellular organism such as yourself, identify the major difference from the list below.
Comparing a single-celled eukaryotic organism with a multicellular organism such as yourself, identify the major difference from the list below.
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In cell biology, what can limit the progress of science?
In cell biology, what can limit the progress of science?
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A cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibition.
A cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibition.
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Explain what limits an individual cell from becoming more complex.
Explain what limits an individual cell from becoming more complex.
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The contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary precursor of the kidney.
The contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary precursor of the kidney.
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A single-celled eukaryotic organism:
A single-celled eukaryotic organism:
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The paramecium discussed in class contained an organelle, the contractile vacuole. This is the presumed precursor of the:
The paramecium discussed in class contained an organelle, the contractile vacuole. This is the presumed precursor of the:
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In your own multicellular body, cells with functions have different DNA.
In your own multicellular body, cells with functions have different DNA.
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A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth and immortal.
A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth and immortal.
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If something is soluble in water, a shell of hydration forms around it and it is termed:
If something is soluble in water, a shell of hydration forms around it and it is termed:
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Active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration.
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Facilitated diffusion uses a channel to let components move down their concentration gradient.
Facilitated diffusion uses a channel to let components move down their concentration gradient.
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A single-pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel.
A single-pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel.
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When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, the contents of the lumen of the vesicle are:
When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, the contents of the lumen of the vesicle are:
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The ER is contiguous with the golgi apparatus.
The ER is contiguous with the golgi apparatus.
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Amino acids can be largely subdivided into groups. What are the two groups?
Amino acids can be largely subdivided into groups. What are the two groups?
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What are the orphaned organelles orphaned from?
What are the orphaned organelles orphaned from?
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What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7-pass transmembrane protein?
What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7-pass transmembrane protein?
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For a protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum's lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane:
For a protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum's lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane:
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We are made up of ____ percent water.
We are made up of ____ percent water.
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What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?
What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?
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The ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope.
The ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope.
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What are the functions of a membrane?
What are the functions of a membrane?
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It's a simple matter (i.e. thermodynamically) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum.
It's a simple matter (i.e. thermodynamically) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Is cholesterol good or bad to have in biological membranes?
Is cholesterol good or bad to have in biological membranes?
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The plasma membrane gets new lipids from:
The plasma membrane gets new lipids from:
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Consider the geography of cells. Actin filaments are present in the cell's ____ and the microtubules are present in the cell's ____.
Consider the geography of cells. Actin filaments are present in the cell's ____ and the microtubules are present in the cell's ____.
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Chromosomes are made out of euchromatin.
Chromosomes are made out of euchromatin.
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Where is the histone H1 found?
Where is the histone H1 found?
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The diameter of an intermediate filament is 25 nm.
The diameter of an intermediate filament is 25 nm.
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The actin filament system is present in the nucleus.
The actin filament system is present in the nucleus.
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To get into the nucleus a component has to have the correct signal sequence and pass through a nuclear pore.
To get into the nucleus a component has to have the correct signal sequence and pass through a nuclear pore.
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Which cytoskeleton filament system lines the inside of the nucleus to protect it?
Which cytoskeleton filament system lines the inside of the nucleus to protect it?
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Cilia and microvilli contain a similar number of parallel actin filaments.
Cilia and microvilli contain a similar number of parallel actin filaments.
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Naked DNA does not exist in nature of parallel actin filaments.
Naked DNA does not exist in nature of parallel actin filaments.
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Naked DNA does not exist in Nature but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube.
Naked DNA does not exist in Nature but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube.
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What does the nucleosomal core have in it (i.e. the basketball-like structure on the slides)?
What does the nucleosomal core have in it (i.e. the basketball-like structure on the slides)?
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Molecular motors use ATP as the energy source to power the molecular motor.
Molecular motors use ATP as the energy source to power the molecular motor.
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The actin filament system extends outside of the cell.
The actin filament system extends outside of the cell.
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Heterochromatin does not exist in interphase nuclei.
Heterochromatin does not exist in interphase nuclei.
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Many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in M phase of the cell cycle.
Many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in M phase of the cell cycle.
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Gap 1 of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what it is supposed to do as part of its cell type; in other words, that is when a liver cell is doing its function as a liver cell.
Gap 1 of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what it is supposed to do as part of its cell type; in other words, that is when a liver cell is doing its function as a liver cell.
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List the three categories of cells in the body with regard to the cell cycle:
List the three categories of cells in the body with regard to the cell cycle:
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Cytoplasmic signal transduction controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle.
Cytoplasmic signal transduction controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle.
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In your body, not all cells go through the cell cycle.
In your body, not all cells go through the cell cycle.
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At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., cdk) to regulate the checkpoint.
At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., cdk) to regulate the checkpoint.
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Cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.
Cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.
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The activation of both MPF and MAPK results in _______ _______ (two words) of the cytoplasm during M-phase.
The activation of both MPF and MAPK results in _______ _______ (two words) of the cytoplasm during M-phase.
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The synthesis/presence of cyclin is what turns on the cdk as the cdk is always present, but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degraded in cycles.
The synthesis/presence of cyclin is what turns on the cdk as the cdk is always present, but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degraded in cycles.
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During mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell is settled down.
During mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell is settled down.
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The ________ begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle, causing the chromosomes to begin to _______.
The ________ begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle, causing the chromosomes to begin to _______.
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In the time span of 10 years, every cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle.
In the time span of 10 years, every cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle.
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Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells takes two forms:
Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells takes two forms:
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An important checkpoint regulator is at Gap2/M-phase transition. Here cyclin B and Cdk1 activate and form MPF which becomes a ____ _____ (two words) and causes the DNA to condense into ______.
An important checkpoint regulator is at Gap2/M-phase transition. Here cyclin B and Cdk1 activate and form MPF which becomes a ____ _____ (two words) and causes the DNA to condense into ______.
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After DNA synthesis (i.e., S-phase), an identical copy of the DNA has been made and this is present in the two chromatids when viewed as the chromosome.
After DNA synthesis (i.e., S-phase), an identical copy of the DNA has been made and this is present in the two chromatids when viewed as the chromosome.
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For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a neighboring cell where the ligand diffuses directly from one cell to another, it is called ______ communication.
For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a neighboring cell where the ligand diffuses directly from one cell to another, it is called ______ communication.
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There are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (i.e. signal transduction); one uses ____ and the other uses ______.
There are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (i.e. signal transduction); one uses ____ and the other uses ______.
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For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a cell and uses the circulatory system to get to the responding cell, it is called ______ communication.
For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a cell and uses the circulatory system to get to the responding cell, it is called ______ communication.
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When a cell talks to itself, it is called communication ______ cells.
When a cell talks to itself, it is called communication ______ cells.
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Two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of plasma membrane receptors. These are ______ and ______.
Two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of plasma membrane receptors. These are ______ and ______.
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There are two types of receptors; one type of receptor binds to bipolar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the _______ ________.
There are two types of receptors; one type of receptor binds to bipolar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the _______ ________.
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The other point where MAPK can become active is ______ of the cell cycle.
The other point where MAPK can become active is ______ of the cell cycle.
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MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the ______ _____. If kinase becomes active during interphase, the cell is triggered to progress through the ______ ______.
MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the ______ _____. If kinase becomes active during interphase, the cell is triggered to progress through the ______ ______.
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When insulin binds to a receptor, this signal first uses?
When insulin binds to a receptor, this signal first uses?
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Study Notes
Ribosomes and Endomembrane Theory
- Association of ribosomes with membrane invaginations supports the endomembrane theory.
Cell Movement Mechanism
- Cell movement sequence: filopodia, lamellipodia, cell muscle, retraction fiber.
Peroxisomes and Evolution
- Peroxisomes evolved in primitive proto-eukaryotes to detoxify oxygen, which was harmful.
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
- In prokaryotic cells, the outer boundary of life is the cell membrane, not the capsule.
Cancer Cell Behavior
- Cancer cells can become spherical when crowded by neighboring cells but still undergo division.
Endomembrane System Theory
- The loss of the cell wall was a necessary condition for the endomembrane system theory.
Microscopy Techniques
- Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy, aiding in cellular visualization.
Eukaryotic Transition
- Loss of the cell wall is crucial in the evolution from proto-prokaryotic to proto-eukaryotic cells.
Cell Structure Observation
- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) provides thin, two-dimensional sections of specimens.
Cytoskeleton Role
- The cytoskeleton is essential for primitive cell motility.
Early Earth Conditions
- The ancient Earth had low oxygen levels, presenting a different atmosphere.
Cell Growth Characteristics
- Normal cells are mortal and anchorage-dependent for growth.
Ribosome Function in Endomembrane
- Ribosomes are associated with membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory.
Cell Wall and Nuclear Envelope
- The cytoskeleton is not responsible for the formation of the nuclear envelope.
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- The size limit of a cell is determined by the surface area to volume ratio.
Prokaryotic DNA Structure
- DNA in modern prokaryotic cells is circular.
Early Cell Fitness and Motility
- Motility improved early cell fitness by allowing movement away from predators and towards food sources.
Retraction Fiber Function
- The end of the retraction fiber still adheres to the cell culture plate for stability.
Cell Development Transition
- The initial step from primitive proto-prokaryotic to proto-eukaryotic cell involved cell wall loss.
Examination of Small Cells
- Advanced technology is required to study cells smaller than what can be detected by human senses.
Cell Activity Needs
- A unicellular organism must find food, shelter, a mate, and reproduce.
Cell Division of Labor
- In multicellular organisms, different cells have specific functions, indicating a division of labor.
Paramecium Movement Mechanism
- Paramecium swim using cilia, not flagella.
Cell Cycle Responsible Cells
- Neurons and muscle cells do not re-enter the cell cycle post-birth, while liver cells can under certain conditions.
Cytoplasmic Signal Transduction
- Cytoplasmic signaling regulates cell cycle checkpoints.
Cancer and Cell Cycle Regulation
- Cancer is characterized by the loss of regulatory control over the cell cycle.
Cyclins in Cell Cycle Control
- Cyclin presence is crucial for activating cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), which regulate the cell cycle.
Cytoplasmic Changes During Mitosis
- Mitosis involves changes in the cytoplasm, with cytoplasmic components settling down.
Cytokinesis Mechanisms
- Cytokinesis occurs in two forms: contractile ring formation in animals and phragmoplast formation in plants.
Ligand Communication Types
- Paracrine communication involves local diffusion of signals, while endocrine communication uses the circulatory system.
Signal Transduction Mechanisms
- Cytoplasmic signaling occurs through protein kinases and calcium signals.
Receptor Types
- Bipolar (hydrophilic) ligands bind to receptors located in the plasma membrane.
MAPK Activation and Function
- MAPK activation impacts the cell cycle, playing different roles during interphase and mitosis.
Insulin Signaling Pathway
- Insulin binding to its receptor initiates signaling through kinases, influencing cellular responses.
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Description
Prepare for your Bio 181 Exam 1 with these flashcards that cover essential concepts such as ribosome associations, cell morphology, and the evolution of peroxisomes. Test your knowledge and reinforce your understanding of cell biology topics key to exam success.
