Asthme et BPCO - Physiopathologie

Asthme et BPCO - Physiopathologie

• Asthme: Chronic respiratory disease. Characterized by persistent inflammation of the bronchi, leading to bronchial obstruction. Inflammation remains constant, with the bronchial tubes being highly sensitive and reactive. During an asthmatic attack, muscles contract, inflammation increases, and mucus production rises, all of which make breathing difficult.
• BPCO (Chronic Obstructive Bronchopneumopathy): Another chronic respiratory illness. Involves inflammation and excessive mucus production, leading to a progressive narrowing of the bronchial tubes. In the advanced stage, alveoli become distended then destroyed, impacting gas exchange. BPCO onset typically after 40 and is mostly linked to smoking.

Physiopathologie Comparative

• Similarities: Both conditions involve airway inflammation and narrowing.
• Differences: Asthme often begins in childhood or early adulthood and involves episodes that can vary in severity, while BPCO is more closely associated with smoking and presents as gradual, worsening symptoms. Asthme inflammation is more persistent, while BPCO severity increases over time, with eventual alveoli destruction.

Méthodes diagnostiques

• Débitmètre de pointe (Peak flow): Measures peak expiratory flow (PEF) during exhalation. Useful in monitoring treatment effectiveness and self-assessing respiratory conditions.
• Spirométrie: Functional respiratory test. Measures maximum exhaled air volume in a second (FEV1) and total lung capacity (VC). Indicates the degree of airway blockage and its severity.

Traitements médicamenteux

• Bronchodilatateurs (Beta-2 stimulants): Specifically target beta-2 adrenergic receptors on bronchial smooth muscles to widen airways. Classified into short-acting and long-acting types, the latter usually for ongoing treatment.
• Bronchodilatateurs anticholinergiques: Block muscarinic receptors for acetylcholine, causing bronchial dilatation. These typically have a slower, longer-lasting effect compared to Beta-2 stimulants. Often used in conjunction with other therapies in BPCO.
• Corticoïdes inhalés: Anti-inflammatory steroids. Powerful agents that reduce airway inflammation, slowing the progression and severity of the disease, important in both asthma and COPD.
• Anti-leucotriènes: Specifically reduce inflammatory mediators called leukotrienes that play a role in asthmatic inflammation. Generally for persistent asthma, particularly when other treatments are not enough.

Épidémiologie

• Asthme: Affects about 4 million people in France. Approximately 60,000 hospitalizations and 1,000 deaths each year.
• BPCO: Underestimated due to difficulties in early diagnosis . Estimates say prevalence of 5-10% in adults over 45 in France.

Autres informations

• Classification et DCI (international drug name): Key types and brands of asthma and COPD medication are included.
• Complications: Both diseases can lead to various complications like pneumothorax and respiratory failure,
• Symptômes: General symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness are outlined for both disorders.

Ce quiz explore les pathologies de l'asthme et de la BPCO, soulignant leurs similarités et différences. Vous apprendrez les mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués, y compris l'inflammation des voies respiratoires et la production excessive de mucus. Testez vos connaissances sur ces maladies respiratoires chroniques.