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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of second-generation antihistamines like Loratidine?
What is the primary mechanism of action of second-generation antihistamines like Loratidine?
- They block H1 histamine receptors (correct)
- They suppress mast cell degranulation
- They block H2 histamine receptors
- They inhibit proinflammatory mediators
Which of the following conditions is least likely to be treated with corticosteroids?
Which of the following conditions is least likely to be treated with corticosteroids?
- Autoimmune diseases
- Allergic rhinitis
- Asthma
- Anaphylactic reactions (correct)
What kind of drug is sodium cromoglicate, and what is its primary action?
What kind of drug is sodium cromoglicate, and what is its primary action?
- A mast cell stabilizer that prevents degranulation (correct)
- A bronchodilator that stimulates beta-2 receptors
- An immunosuppressive drug that enhances inflammation
- An antihistamine that blocks H1 receptors
In the context of treating acute Type I hypersensitivity reactions, what is the primary role of adrenaline (epinephrine)?
In the context of treating acute Type I hypersensitivity reactions, what is the primary role of adrenaline (epinephrine)?
Which of the following drugs is specifically classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)?
Which of the following drugs is specifically classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)?
What is the role of beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonists in treating respiratory conditions?
What is the role of beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonists in treating respiratory conditions?
Which type of drug primarily targets the inhibition of TNF in autoimmune diseases?
Which type of drug primarily targets the inhibition of TNF in autoimmune diseases?
Which of the following accurately describes a characteristic of 1st generation antihistamines?
Which of the following accurately describes a characteristic of 1st generation antihistamines?
What is a common side effect of chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs?
What is a common side effect of chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs?
What is the primary use of sodium cromoglicate in managing allergies?
What is the primary use of sodium cromoglicate in managing allergies?
Which of the following drugs functions as a beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonist?
Which of the following drugs functions as a beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonist?
What type of immune response does Type I hypersensitivity represent?
What type of immune response does Type I hypersensitivity represent?
What is a primary effect of first-generation antihistamines like chlorphenamine?
What is a primary effect of first-generation antihistamines like chlorphenamine?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anti-inflammatory steroids?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anti-inflammatory steroids?
Which of the following conditions is primarily treated with monoclonal antibodies like Infliximab?
Which of the following conditions is primarily treated with monoclonal antibodies like Infliximab?
What class of drugs is primarily used to inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?
What class of drugs is primarily used to inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?
What mechanism allows non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce inflammation?
What mechanism allows non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce inflammation?
What condition is characterized by urticaria and angioedema as symptoms?
What condition is characterized by urticaria and angioedema as symptoms?
Which of the following is a key action of immunosuppressive drugs?
Which of the following is a key action of immunosuppressive drugs?
Which type of antihistamine is least likely to cause sedation?
Which type of antihistamine is least likely to cause sedation?
What is the primary effect of beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonists in respiratory treatments?
What is the primary effect of beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonists in respiratory treatments?
Which of the following mechanisms does sodium cromoglicate utilize in allergy management?
Which of the following mechanisms does sodium cromoglicate utilize in allergy management?
Which of these drugs primarily works as an immunosuppressive agent in treating autoimmune diseases?
Which of these drugs primarily works as an immunosuppressive agent in treating autoimmune diseases?
What characteristic is true about first-generation antihistamines like chlorphenamine?
What characteristic is true about first-generation antihistamines like chlorphenamine?
Study Notes
Asthma Drugs
- Anti-histamines block H1 histamine receptors produced by mast cells, they are used to treat type I hypersensitivity reactions which include allergic rhinitis, urticaria, angioedema and anaphylactic reactions.
- Anti-histamine uses: treat type I hypersensitivity reactions, allergic rhinitis, acute type 1 allergic reactions, urticaria, angioedema, anaphylactic reactions which should be treated with intramuscular adrenaline/epinephrine.
- Anti-histamine types:
- First generation (sedative): chlorphenamine
- Second generation (non-sedative): loratidine
- Sodium cromoglycate prevents mast cell degranulation and inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators.
- Beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists cause bronchodilation, they are used to treat asthma.
- Steroids are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs used to treat asthma and other inflammatory conditions.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit cyclooxygenase.
- Monoclonal antibodies are used to treat severe asthma, they target TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and suppress the activity of inflammatory cells.
- Examples: infliximab, etanercept.
- Immunosuppressants used to treat severe asthma, they suppress the immune system.
- Examples: cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil.
Vaccination
- Enhances immunity.
Treatment of Allergy
- Suppresses immunity.
Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
- Suppresses immunity.
- Treatment involves using drugs that suppress the immune system.
Pro-inflammatory Mediators
- Inflammatory cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes produce pro-inflammatory mediators.
Asthma Medications
- Antihistamines block H1 histamine receptors, produced by mast cells.
- Uses: Treats type I hypersensitivity reactions, including allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and angioedema.
- Treatment of Anaphylaxis: Intramuscular adrenaline (epinephrine) is used for anaphylactic reactions.
- Antihistamine Types:
- First-generation (sedative): Chlorphenamine
- Second-generation (non-sedative): Loratidine
Immunomodulatory Drugs
- Steroids (anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive): Reduce inflammation by suppressing the production of proinflammatory mediators.
- Sodium Cromoglycate: Prevents the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells by blocking degranulation.
- Beta-2 Adrenoreceptor Agonists: Cause bronchodilation.
Other Asthma Treatments
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes.
- Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Inhibitors:
- Infliximab and Etanercept: Medications used to block TNF, a pro-inflammatory cytokine.
- Immunosuppressants: Suppress the immune system, reducing inflammation.
- Cyclophosphamide, Azathioprine, Mycophenolate Mofetil
- Monoclonal Antibodies: Target specific immune cells or molecules to block their activity.
Antihistamines
- Block H1 histamine receptors
- Produced by mast cells
- Used for Type I hypersensitivity reactions
- Allergic rhinitis
- Urticaria
- Angioedema
- Anaphylactic reactions
- Anaphylactic Reactions should be treated with intramuscular adrenaline/epinephrine
- Types:
- Sedative (1st generation): Chlorphenamine
- Non-Sedative (2nd generation): Loratadine
Asthma Drugs
- Pathogenic Effect in Asthma: H1 receptor activation leads to bronchoconstriction
- Sodium Cromoglicate:
- Blocks mast cell degranulation
- Prevents the release of inflammatory mediators
- Beta-2 Adrenoreceptor Agonists:
- Cause bronchodilation
- Steroids:
- Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive
- Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs):
- Inhibit cyclooxygenase
Treatment of Allergy and Autoimmune Diseases
- Immunosuppressive Drugs:
- TNF-alpha inhibitors:
- Infliximab
- Etanercept
- Other Immunosuppressants:
- Cyclophosphamide
- Azathioprine
- Mycophenolate mofetil
- TNF-alpha inhibitors:
- Monoclonal Antibodies:
- Used to target specific immune cells or molecules
- Suppression of Immune cells:
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
- Granulocytes
- Proinflammatory Mediators:
- Produced by these cells (monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes)
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Description
This quiz covers various asthma drugs and their classifications, including anti-histamines, beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists, and steroids. It delves into the uses, types, and mechanisms of action of these medications in treating asthma and allergic reactions.
