Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements regarding the addition of a vasoconstrictor to local anesthetic is NOT true?
Which of the following statements regarding the addition of a vasoconstrictor to local anesthetic is NOT true?
Which adverse effect is associated with chronic oral administration of anti-inflammatory steroids?
Which adverse effect is associated with chronic oral administration of anti-inflammatory steroids?
Which corticosteroid is used orally for chronic treatment of inflammation?
Which corticosteroid is used orally for chronic treatment of inflammation?
Which inhalational anesthetic is the most suitable for anesthesia induction in children?
Which inhalational anesthetic is the most suitable for anesthesia induction in children?
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Why is dexamethasone not recommended for chronic oral anti-inflammatory therapy?
Why is dexamethasone not recommended for chronic oral anti-inflammatory therapy?
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For anesthetic induction in senior patients with cardiac impairment, which drug is preferred?
For anesthetic induction in senior patients with cardiac impairment, which drug is preferred?
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What is a known adverse effect of hydrocortisone?
What is a known adverse effect of hydrocortisone?
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Which statement about the concentration of adrenaline in a local anesthetic solution at 1:200,000 is NOT correct?
Which statement about the concentration of adrenaline in a local anesthetic solution at 1:200,000 is NOT correct?
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What is the major advantage of choosing Sevoflurane over Isoflurane for anesthesia induction in children?
What is the major advantage of choosing Sevoflurane over Isoflurane for anesthesia induction in children?
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What complication can arise from sudden withdrawal of glucocorticoids after chronic therapy?
What complication can arise from sudden withdrawal of glucocorticoids after chronic therapy?
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Which anesthetic agent's pharmacological action does not necessarily induce a loss of consciousness?
Which anesthetic agent's pharmacological action does not necessarily induce a loss of consciousness?
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The main pharmacological action of cocaine is to:
The main pharmacological action of cocaine is to:
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Which of the following opioid agents requires reconstitution before use as an infusion?
Which of the following opioid agents requires reconstitution before use as an infusion?
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Which amino acid neurotransmitter is mainly excitatory?
Which amino acid neurotransmitter is mainly excitatory?
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Which medication should be stopped to clear up certain symptoms within a few days?
Which medication should be stopped to clear up certain symptoms within a few days?
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How does the serotonin antagonist-reuptake inhibitor work in treating depression?
How does the serotonin antagonist-reuptake inhibitor work in treating depression?
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What is the main reason dopamine is not used to treat Parkinson's disease?
What is the main reason dopamine is not used to treat Parkinson's disease?
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Which MAO inhibitor is suitable for Mr. Simon Wong's treatment regimen?
Which MAO inhibitor is suitable for Mr. Simon Wong's treatment regimen?
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Which muscle relaxant is more suitable for patients with liver dysfunction?
Which muscle relaxant is more suitable for patients with liver dysfunction?
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Which of the following is an example of a peripherally acting spasmolytic?
Which of the following is an example of a peripherally acting spasmolytic?
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Which agent undergoes organ-independent elimination?
Which agent undergoes organ-independent elimination?
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Which cholinesterase inhibitor is used in the diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis?
Which cholinesterase inhibitor is used in the diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis?
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Sugammadex directly reverses the neuromuscular blocking effects of which agent?
Sugammadex directly reverses the neuromuscular blocking effects of which agent?
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Which medication is considered the first-line therapy for relief of an acute asthma attack?
Which medication is considered the first-line therapy for relief of an acute asthma attack?
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What is the first step during a severe acute asthma attack?
What is the first step during a severe acute asthma attack?
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Which medication is most likely responsible for marked worsening of dyspnea and wheezing in an asthmatic patient being treated for hypertension?
Which medication is most likely responsible for marked worsening of dyspnea and wheezing in an asthmatic patient being treated for hypertension?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of montelukast in the treatment of asthma?
What is the primary mechanism of action of montelukast in the treatment of asthma?
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Vinblastine is classified as which type of chemotherapy drug?
Vinblastine is classified as which type of chemotherapy drug?
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Which medication is most effective when taken before exposure to allergens for seasonal rhinitis?
Which medication is most effective when taken before exposure to allergens for seasonal rhinitis?
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Leucovorin is used to rescue normal cells from toxicity caused by which drug?
Leucovorin is used to rescue normal cells from toxicity caused by which drug?
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Which of the following drugs causes irreversible, dose-dependent cardiotoxicity?
Which of the following drugs causes irreversible, dose-dependent cardiotoxicity?
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Which statement about antihistamines and nasal allergy treatment is correct?
Which statement about antihistamines and nasal allergy treatment is correct?
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Methotrexate primarily inhibits which enzyme?
Methotrexate primarily inhibits which enzyme?
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Which of the following can be effectively used as a decongestant?
Which of the following can be effectively used as a decongestant?
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What is the medical use of chlorhexidine solution?
What is the medical use of chlorhexidine solution?
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Which ear issue is commonly treated with olive oil?
Which ear issue is commonly treated with olive oil?
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Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of glaucoma?
Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of glaucoma?
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What effect does a muscarinic receptor blocker have on the eyes?
What effect does a muscarinic receptor blocker have on the eyes?
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Which group of medications is NOT suitable for the treatment of glaucoma?
Which group of medications is NOT suitable for the treatment of glaucoma?
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What is the expected outcome of chemotherapeutic drugs that follow first-order kinetics after treatment?
What is the expected outcome of chemotherapeutic drugs that follow first-order kinetics after treatment?
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Which drug is the first-line therapy for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer?
Which drug is the first-line therapy for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer?
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Which of the following chemotherapy drugs has high emetogenic potential?
Which of the following chemotherapy drugs has high emetogenic potential?
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What mechanism do Vinca alkaloids use to exert antitumor activity?
What mechanism do Vinca alkaloids use to exert antitumor activity?
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Etoposide inhibits which enzyme?
Etoposide inhibits which enzyme?
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Which drug can cause hemorrhagic cystitis?
Which drug can cause hemorrhagic cystitis?
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Antimetabolites elicit cytotoxicity in cancer cells by blocking which process?
Antimetabolites elicit cytotoxicity in cancer cells by blocking which process?
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Cyclophosphamide is a pro-drug; which base does its active compound primarily react with?
Cyclophosphamide is a pro-drug; which base does its active compound primarily react with?
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Study Notes
Asthma Attack Medication
- Salbutamol is the first-line treatment for acute asthma attacks.
Severe Asthma Attack Procedures
- The initial step in a severe asthma attack is providing bronchodilation to relieve airway obstruction.
Asthma Medication Side Effects
- Propranolol can cause worsening of asthma symptoms (dyspnea and wheezing) in patients with asthma.
Asthma Treatment Mechanisms
- Montelukast (Singulair) works by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene C4 and D4 receptors.
Chemotherapy Drug Families
- Vinblastine is a mitotic inhibitor.
Breast Cancer Treatment
- Tamoxifen is used to treat ER-positive breast cancer.
Calcineurin Inhibitors
- Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor.
Chemotherapy Drug Toxicity Rescue
- Leucovorin is used to rescue normal cells from the adverse effects of methotrexate.
Cardiotoxicity
- Doxorubicin causes irreversible, dose-dependent cardiotoxicity.
Tumour Cell Cycle Phase
- Vinblastine acts mainly in the M phase of the tumour cell cycle.
Doxorubicin Toxicity Reduction
- Dexrazoxane helps reduce doxorubicin toxicity.
Methotrexate Inhibition
- Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase.
Muromonab-CD3 Action
- Muromonab-CD3 blocks the activation of T-cell receptor complex.
Cancer Treatment Kinetics
- Chemotherapy drugs for cancer follow first-order kinetics. After a course of treatment, the remaining cancer mass would contain a constant proportion of cancer cells.
Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Treatment
- Cisplatin is not the first line treatment for estrogen receptor positive breast cancer, doxorubicin is.
High Emetogenic Potential
- Cisplatin has a high emetogenic potential.
Topoisomerase Inhibition
- Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II.
Anti-metabolites
- Methotrexate is an anti-metabolite.
Chemotherapy Drug Toxicity
- Cyclophosphamide can cause hemorrhagic cystitis.
Chemotherapy Mechanism
- Cyclophosphamide is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, and after enzymatic metabolism, the active compound reacts with the guanine base of DNA.
Cisplatin Toxicity
- Cisplatin's major toxicity is dose-related nephrotoxicity (kidney damage).
Brain Tumor Treatment
- Nitrosoureas are primarily used for brain tumor treatment.
Immunosuppressant Drug Limitation
- The major limitation of most immunosuppressant drugs is myelosuppression (bone marrow suppression).
Skin Disease Treatment
- Corticosteroids are used for skin diseases due to their immunosuppressive effect.
Cyclosporine Inhibition
- Cyclosporine inhibits cytokine production and IL-2 receptor.
Muromonab-CD3 Action
- Muromonab-CD3 causes cytokine release syndrome when binding to T-cells.
Paracetamol Overdose Toxicity
- Liver damage is a toxicity resulting from a paracetamol overdose.
Non-Steroidal Analgesic with Limited Anti-Inflammatory Effect
- Paracetamol has a limited anti-inflammatory effect compared to other non-steroidal analgesics.
Anti-inflammatory Steroids Side Effects
- Chronic oral administration of anti-inflammatory steroids can cause osteoporosis and renal insufficiency.
Corticosteroids for Chronic Inflammation
- Dexamethasone is not routinely recommended for chronic oral anti-inflammatory use due to prolonged adverse effects.
Hydrocortisone Side Effect
- Hyperglycemia is a side effect of hydrocortisone.
Glucocorticoid Withdrawal Complications
- Renal insufficiency can be a complication of sudden glucocorticoid withdrawal.
Cocaine Mechanism
- Cocaine acts by blocking the reuptake of dopamine.
Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotransmitter
- Glutamate is a major excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter.
Serotonin Antagonist-Reuptake Inhibitor Mechanism
- Serotonin antagonist-reuptake inhibitors block the binding of serotonin to the serotonin-1A receptor, preventing reuptake, and thus maintaining a higher level of serotonin in the synapse.
Tyramine Diet
- Individuals taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors should adhere to a low-tyramine diet to avoid potentially harmful interactions.
Melatonin Receptor Agonist Mechanism
- Melatonin receptor agonists increase the brain's concentration of dopamine and norepinephrine.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
- Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
Antidepressants and Suicidal Risk
- Antidepressants, such as fluoxetine, can increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, adolescents, and young adults.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Mechanism
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors increase the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Dopamine D2 Receptor Blockade
- Blocking dopamine D2 receptors is associated with extrapyramidal symptoms and may increase the chance of addiction.
Parkinson's Disease Treatment
- Selegiline inhibits MAO-B, helping in Parkinson's disease.
Parkinson's Disease Symptoms Improvement
- Levodopa increases dopamine production and improves Parkinson's symptoms.
Dopamine Use in Parkinson's Disease
- Dopamine itself cannot be used directly in Parkinson's due to the blood-brain barrier.
Muscle Relaxants and Liver Function
- Vecuronium is a muscle relaxant that is well-suited for patients with liver dysfunction.
Spasmolytics
- Dantrolene is a peripherally-acting spasmolytic.
Organ Independent Elimination
- Cisatracurium undergoes organ-independent elimination.
Cholinesterase Inhibitor
- Edrophonium is a cholinesterase inhibitor and is used in diagnosing myasthenia gravis.
Cisatracurium Properties
- Cisatracurium is a 1R-cis / 10R-cis isomer of atracurium, more potent, and undergoes Hoffman degradation.
Neuromuscular Blocking Agent Reversal
- Sugammadex directly reverses neuromuscular blocking effects of atracurium, cis-atracurium, rocuronium, and succinylcholine.
Neuromuscular Blocker for Ventilator Use
- Atracurium is an appropriate choice.
Local Anesthetic Vasoconstrictor
- The addition of adrenaline to a local anesthetic solution reduces surgical bleeding.
Local Anesthetic Volume Limit
- The maximum volume of 0.5% lignocaine solution for a patient weighing 50 kilograms is 40ml.
Inhalational Anesthetics for Kids
- Nitrous oxide is a suitable inhalant anesthetic for children.
Senior Patient Anesthetic Induction
- Propofol is a suitable anesthetic induction drug for senior patients with impaired cardiac function.
Adrenaline Concentration
- 1:200,000 adrenaline concentration is equivalent to 1 µg/ml (1000 µg in 200 ml or 1 gm in 200,000ml)
Difference in Anesthetics (Isoflurane vs Sevoflurane)
- The difference between the anesthetics is not their effect on respiratory rate but on the effect on the heart rate and blood pressure.
Anaesthetic Agent Effect on Consciousness
- Sodium thiopental, Ketamine, and Etomidate effect on consciousness.
Opioid Reconstitution
- Remifentanil is the opioid agent that requires reconstitution for intravenous infusion.
Water Soluble General Anesthetic
- Midazolam (a benzodiazepine) is a water-soluble general anesthetic that allows painless injection.
General Anesthetics with Less Cardiovascular Depression
- Propofol has less cardiovascular depression compared to some other general anesthetics.
Drug Toxicity Treatment
- Lipid emulsion therapy is effective in treating sevoflurane toxicity.
Local Anesthetic for Intravenous Cannula Insertion
- Bupivacaine is an appropriate local anesthetic for pain relief prior to IV cannula insertion.
Intravenous Anaesthetic Drugs
- Etomidate is an intravenous anaesthetic drug.
Side Effects of Drugs
- Nausea and vomiting are side effects associated with some drugs like morphine and other opioid medications.
Drug Half Life
- Remifentanil has a consistent half-life that is dose-independent.
Chronic Pain vs Acute Pain
- Chronic pain can persist even in the absence of ongoing injury, unlike acute pain which is always associated with ongoing injury at the site.
Pain Treatment and Antidepressants
- Antidepressants may interfere with other prescribed pain relief medication, especially opioids.
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity
- Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) can cause severe cardiovascular, neurological, and other symptoms.
Adverse Effects of Local Anesthetics (LAS)
- The adverse effects of local anesthetics (LAS) are dose-dependent.
Treatments for Eczema
- Moisturizers, particularly those for dryness, may be effective for eczema.
Acne Treatment Contraindications
- Retinoids are contraindicated during pregnancy.
Topical Salicylic Acid Treatments
- Salicylic acid is used to treat corns, psoriasis, and acne respectively.
Infertility Treatment and Estrogen
- Clomiphene acts as a partial estrogen agonist, inhibiting the negative feedback of estrogen on ovulation.
Osteoporosis Treatment
- Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used for osteoporosis.
Contraceptive Pill Composition
- The "mini-pill" or mini-contraceptive contains only progestin.
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Description
This quiz covers essential medications and treatment mechanisms for asthma and cancer. Topics include first-line treatments for asthma attacks, chemotherapy drug families, and associated side effects. Test your knowledge on the pharmacology behind these critical healthcare practices.
