Asthma and Chemotherapy Overview

<p>Sevoflurane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces systemic adverse effects which are long-lasting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Etomidate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It equals 1000 µg in 200 ml. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of respiratory irritant effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Block the reuptake of dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remifentanil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amantadine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents the reuptake of serotonin by the serotonin transporter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selegiline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atracurium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Botulinum Toxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cis-atracurium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edrophonium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rocuronium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salbutamol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide a bronchodilator effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Propranolol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit leukotriene C4 and D4 receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitotic inhibitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cromolyn sodium (a mast cell stabilizer) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methotrexate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doxorubicin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antihistamines block the effect of histamine which is a major mediator released in allergy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dihydrofolate reductase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenylephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antiseptic mouthwash (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ear wax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β receptor blocker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It dilates the pupil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α (alpha) receptor blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A constant proportion of cancer cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tamoxifen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cisplatin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting the polymerization of tubulins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topoisomerase-II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclophosphamide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotide synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guanine base of DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dopamine cannot be used to treat Parkinson's disease because it cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, meaning it cannot reach the brain where it is needed.

Selegiline is a suitable MAO-B inhibitor to add to a levodopa/carbidopa regimen for Parkinson's patients experiencing worsening symptoms.

Atracurium is a muscle relaxant suitable for patients with liver dysfunction because it undergoes organ-independent elimination.

Baclofen is a peripherally acting spasmolytic, meaning it works directly on the muscles rather than the central nervous system.

Cis-atracurium undergoes organ-independent elimination, meaning its breakdown and removal from the body isn't dependent on specific organs like the liver.

Edrophonium is a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the diagnostic test for Myasthenia Gravis, a muscle weakness disease.

The statement "Cisatracurium increases histamine release" is TRUE. It is indeed known to release histamine.

Sugammadex is a drug that directly reverses the neuromuscular blocking effects of rocuronium.

Chronic oral administration of anti-inflammatory steroids can lead to osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

Hydrocortisone is a corticosteroid used orally for long-term treatment of inflammation.

Dexamethasone is not ideal for chronic oral therapy because it causes various systemic adverse effects that can be long-lasting.

Hydrocortisone can cause hyperglycemia, a condition of high blood sugar.

Sudden withdrawal of glucocorticoids after long-term treatment can lead to hypoglycemia, a condition of low blood sugar.

Cocaine primarily exerts its effects by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward.

Glutamate is a key excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, playing a role in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity.

SSRIs work by preventing the reuptake of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation. This increases serotonin levels in the synapse, leading to a mood-lifting effect.

Chemotherapeutic drugs for cancer treatment follow first-order kinetics. This means that after each cycle of treatment, a constant proportion of cancer cells are eliminated, not a constant number.

Tamoxifen is the first-line therapy for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. It blocks estrogen from binding to the cancer cells, stopping their growth.

Cisplatin is a potent chemotherapeutic agent known for its strong side effect of nausea and vomiting, commonly referred to as emesis.

Vinca alkaloids like vincristine and vinblastine work by inhibiting the polymerization of tubulin, a protein essential for microtubule formation. Disruption of microtubules prevents cell division.

Etoposide is a chemotherapeutic drug that inhibits topoisomerase-I, an enzyme essential for DNA replication and repair. It stops cancer cells from copying their DNA.

Cyclophosphamide, a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, can cause hemorrhagic cystitis, a serious condition involving bleeding in the bladder lining.

Antimetabolites like methotrexate work by blocking nucleotide synthesis, the pathway that builds the building blocks of DNA.

Cyclophosphamide is a prodrug, meaning it becomes active after being metabolized. When active, it binds to the guanine base of DNA, disrupting its structure.

A medication that works best before allergen exposure and is less effective once symptoms start. It might be a mast cell stabilizer like cromolyn sodium.

A drug that blocks histamine, a chemical involved in allergic reactions. It helps reduce symptoms like sneezing, itching, and runny nose.

Treatment focuses on blocking the release of chemical mediators involved in allergy. Antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, and oral corticosteroids are commonly used.

A medication like phenylephrine that helps reduce congestion by constricting blood vessels in the nose.

An antiseptic mouthwash used for oral hygiene, reducing bacteria that can cause gum disease and bad breath.

Ear wax buildup can be addressed using olive oil, which softens the wax making it easier to remove.

Glaucoma is often treated with drugs that affect the eye's pressure. Beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and prostaglandin analogs are common options.

These blockers dilate the pupils, making it harder for the iris to contract and reducing the outflow of fluid, which can increase ocular pressure.

Salbutamol (albuterol) is the first-line medication used to relieve symptoms of an acute asthma attack. It's a short-acting beta-2 agonist, which means it relaxes the muscles in the airways, making breathing easier.

The primary goal in a severe asthma attack is to open the airways. This means providing a bronchodilator (like salbutamol) to relax the muscles, protecting the airways from further inflammation, and addressing the ongoing inflammatory process.

Propranolol, a beta-blocker, can worsen asthma symptoms by blocking the effects of beta-agonists, which are used to open the airways. This can cause dyspnea (shortness of breath) and wheezing.

Montelukast blocks the receptors for leukotrienes C4 and D4. Leukotrienes are chemicals that cause inflammation and airway narrowing in asthma. By blocking their receptors, montelukast reduces inflammation and improves airflow.

Vinblastine is a mitotic inhibitor. Mitotic inhibitors prevent cells from dividing by disrupting the microtubules, which are important for cell division. This stops tumor cells from multiplying.

Tamoxifen is used to treat ER-positive (estrogen receptor-positive) breast cancer. ER-positive tumors rely on estrogen for growth, so tamoxifen blocks this signal.

Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor. Calcineurin is a protein involved in immune activation. By inhibiting calcineurin, tacrolimus suppresses the immune system, preventing organ rejection.

Leucovorin is used to protect normal cells from the damage caused by methotrexate. Methotrexate blocks the production of a vital molecule needed for cell growth, and leucovorin can help replenish it.

Adding a vasoconstrictor like adrenaline to local anesthetic (LA) helps reduce bleeding during surgery, prolongs LA effect, and reduces LA systemic toxicity. It also increases the duration of LA action.

This means 1 gram (1,000,000 micrograms) of adrenaline is present in 200,000 ml of solution. Simplified: 1 microgram (µg) of adrenaline is present in 1 ml of solution (1 µg/ml).

The maximum allowable volume of local anesthetic for a patient is determined by their body weight and the concentration of the LA solution. For a 50 kg patient, the maximum dose of 0.5% Lignocaine is typically 40 ml, depending on the specific LA and patient factors.

Sevoflurane is the preferred inhalational anesthetic for inducing anesthesia in children due to its rapid onset, smooth induction, and minimally irritating properties.

Etomidate is the preferred anesthetic for inducing anesthesia in elderly patients with cardiac impairment due to its minimal cardiovascular effects, including minimal impact on heart rate and blood pressure.

The major difference between sevoflurane and isoflurane for anesthesia induction lies in their effects on the respiratory system. Sevoflurane is less irritant to the airways, making it a better choice for induction, especially for children.

Morphine is an opioid agent that requires reconstitution (mixing with a solution) before use as an infusion in the operating room. It's not ready to use directly from the container.

While many anesthetics affect consciousness, ketamine's mechanism of action does not necessarily involve the loss of consciousness. It mainly acts on the NMDA receptors, causing dissociative anesthesia.