Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of assimilation in connected speech?
What is the primary role of assimilation in connected speech?
- To make speech more fluid and accessible. (correct)
- To make speech slower and more deliberate.
- To isolate words from each other.
- To change the meaning of words.
Progressive assimilation is more common than regressive assimilation in English.
Progressive assimilation is more common than regressive assimilation in English.
False (B)
In the phrase 'ten boys', which sound is altered due to regressive assimilation and what sound does it become?
In the phrase 'ten boys', which sound is altered due to regressive assimilation and what sound does it become?
The /n/ in ten is altered to sound like /m/
In the phrase 'did you', a common example of ______ assimilation creates the pronunciation 'didju'.
In the phrase 'did you', a common example of ______ assimilation creates the pronunciation 'didju'.
Match the type of assimilation with its correct description:
Match the type of assimilation with its correct description:
What is connected speech?
What is connected speech?
Assimilation of manner refers to changes in the place of articulation of a phoneme.
Assimilation of manner refers to changes in the place of articulation of a phoneme.
Give an example of assimilation of manner using the phrase 'good boy'
Give an example of assimilation of manner using the phrase 'good boy'
What is the technical term for the phenomenon where a consonant sound is replaced by a brief flap or tap, particularly in English?
What is the technical term for the phenomenon where a consonant sound is replaced by a brief flap or tap, particularly in English?
Delayed plosion is a phenomenon that primarily influences the rhythm and clarity of speech.
Delayed plosion is a phenomenon that primarily influences the rhythm and clarity of speech.
What is the linguistic process where speech sounds become softer in certain contexts, as seen in flipping?
What is the linguistic process where speech sounds become softer in certain contexts, as seen in flipping?
In the word 'better,' the pronunciation often sounds more like 'bedder' due to the ______ of the /t/ sound.
In the word 'better,' the pronunciation often sounds more like 'bedder' due to the ______ of the /t/ sound.
Match the following terms related to speech production with their descriptions:
Match the following terms related to speech production with their descriptions:
Delayed plosion is a phenomenon that is only relevant in formal, academic contexts.
Delayed plosion is a phenomenon that is only relevant in formal, academic contexts.
What is the primary function of flipping in English pronunciation?
What is the primary function of flipping in English pronunciation?
Flipping is most common in ______ conversation.
Flipping is most common in ______ conversation.
Why is understanding flipping important for ESL students?
Why is understanding flipping important for ESL students?
The use of delayed plosion in TTS systems is designed to make synthetic voices sound more human-like.
The use of delayed plosion in TTS systems is designed to make synthetic voices sound more human-like.
What is the International Phonetic Alphabet symbol used to represent an alveolar flap?
What is the International Phonetic Alphabet symbol used to represent an alveolar flap?
Flipping, delayed plosion, and other phonetic variations can make ______ English sound different from written English.
Flipping, delayed plosion, and other phonetic variations can make ______ English sound different from written English.
Why is an understanding of flipping crucial for linguists?
Why is an understanding of flipping crucial for linguists?
Flipping is a universal phenomenon found in all languages worldwide.
Flipping is a universal phenomenon found in all languages worldwide.
In the phrase 'got to,' how would the pronunciation typically sound in casual speech?
In the phrase 'got to,' how would the pronunciation typically sound in casual speech?
What is assimilation in the context of phonetics?
What is assimilation in the context of phonetics?
Assimilation only affects consonants, not vowels.
Assimilation only affects consonants, not vowels.
In the phrase 'in place', the /n/ is assimilated to sound more like ______.
In the phrase 'in place', the /n/ is assimilated to sound more like ______.
What is 'elision' in connected speech?
What is 'elision' in connected speech?
Name one factor that can cause elision
Name one factor that can cause elision
Elision is primarily a feature of formal speech.
Elision is primarily a feature of formal speech.
The phrase 'fish and chips' is often elided to become ______.
The phrase 'fish and chips' is often elided to become ______.
What is a typical example of where elision occurs with /t/ and /d/ ?
What is a typical example of where elision occurs with /t/ and /d/ ?
Match the following elision examples, with the type of elision
Match the following elision examples, with the type of elision
Elision typically remains the same regardless of the speaker's accent.
Elision typically remains the same regardless of the speaker's accent.
Which of the following is an example of assimilation of voice?
Which of the following is an example of assimilation of voice?
What function does assimilation serve in spoken English?
What function does assimilation serve in spoken English?
The /h/ at the beginning of function words is often ______ in fluent speech.
The /h/ at the beginning of function words is often ______ in fluent speech.
Which of these is a group of 'connected speech processes'?
Which of these is a group of 'connected speech processes'?
Elision always leads to a misunderstanding in spoken English.
Elision always leads to a misunderstanding in spoken English.
What does catenation primarily enhance in spoken English?
What does catenation primarily enhance in spoken English?
Catenation changes the meaning of the words it links together.
Catenation changes the meaning of the words it links together.
What is the Latin origin of the word 'catenation'?
What is the Latin origin of the word 'catenation'?
Catenation often occurs when a word ends with a ______ sound and the next word starts with a vowel sound.
Catenation often occurs when a word ends with a ______ sound and the next word starts with a vowel sound.
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Which of the following is an example of catenation?
Which of the following is an example of catenation?
Understanding weak forms is unnecessary for ESL learners.
Understanding weak forms is unnecessary for ESL learners.
In the phrase 'ice cream', what phonetic practice helps to distinguish it from 'I scream'?
In the phrase 'ice cream', what phonetic practice helps to distinguish it from 'I scream'?
Weak forms often replace full vowel sounds with ______ in quick speech.
Weak forms often replace full vowel sounds with ______ in quick speech.
What is the primary advantage of understanding catenation?
What is the primary advantage of understanding catenation?
Catenation is only observed in the English language.
Catenation is only observed in the English language.
What is one primary purpose of catenation in spoken English?
What is one primary purpose of catenation in spoken English?
In connected speech, __________ refers to the phenomenon where articulatory movements overlap.
In connected speech, __________ refers to the phenomenon where articulatory movements overlap.
Match the following words with their weak forms:
Match the following words with their weak forms:
What are weak forms primarily used for in speech?
What are weak forms primarily used for in speech?
Weak forms are always stressed in a sentence.
Weak forms are always stressed in a sentence.
Name a grammatical essential that often has a weak form.
Name a grammatical essential that often has a weak form.
In English connected speech, the phenomenon known as _______ involves delaying the release of a plosive consonant.
In English connected speech, the phenomenon known as _______ involves delaying the release of a plosive consonant.
Which of the following might impact global intelligibility in English?
Which of the following might impact global intelligibility in English?
All English accents utilize weak forms to the same extent.
All English accents utilize weak forms to the same extent.
What do apostrophes in written English often indicate?
What do apostrophes in written English often indicate?
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Effective use of weak forms can significantly improve _______ in speech.
Effective use of weak forms can significantly improve _______ in speech.
Weak forms contribute to the rhythm and fluidity of English speech.
Weak forms contribute to the rhythm and fluidity of English speech.
What is the term for non-native speakers finding sentences with reduced forms challenging?
What is the term for non-native speakers finding sentences with reduced forms challenging?
What phrase is an example of Delayed Plosion?
What phrase is an example of Delayed Plosion?
Which of the following is a benefit of recognizing and using weak forms?
Which of the following is a benefit of recognizing and using weak forms?
Weak forms are often found in content words during speech.
Weak forms are often found in content words during speech.
Speakers utilize weak forms to conserve _______ during speech.
Speakers utilize weak forms to conserve _______ during speech.
How can learners improve their understanding of weak forms?
How can learners improve their understanding of weak forms?
What phenomenon occurs during the continuous flow of speech where additional sounds invade phonetic boundaries?
What phenomenon occurs during the continuous flow of speech where additional sounds invade phonetic boundaries?
Intrusive sounds typically enhance the clarity of speech for non-native speakers.
Intrusive sounds typically enhance the clarity of speech for non-native speakers.
Name one type of intrusive sound mentioned in the content.
Name one type of intrusive sound mentioned in the content.
Intrusive sounds often appear at the _____ of words during connected speech.
Intrusive sounds often appear at the _____ of words during connected speech.
Match the following types of intrusive sounds with their examples:
Match the following types of intrusive sounds with their examples:
What is the primary role of intrusive sounds in English speech?
What is the primary role of intrusive sounds in English speech?
The phenomenon of intrusive sounds is exclusive to British English.
The phenomenon of intrusive sounds is exclusive to British English.
What cognitive process helps native speakers to understand speech despite the presence of intrusive sounds?
What cognitive process helps native speakers to understand speech despite the presence of intrusive sounds?
The addition of an intrusive _____ sound often facilitates transitions between vowel sounds.
The addition of an intrusive _____ sound often facilitates transitions between vowel sounds.
Match the following statements about intrusive sounds with their implications:
Match the following statements about intrusive sounds with their implications:
Why is it important for language learners to understand intrusive sounds?
Why is it important for language learners to understand intrusive sounds?
Educators should avoid teaching about intrusive sounds to students.
Educators should avoid teaching about intrusive sounds to students.
What is one key pedagogical implication of understanding intrusive sounds for educators?
What is one key pedagogical implication of understanding intrusive sounds for educators?
The study of connected speech reflects the _____ and _____ aspects of human communication.
The study of connected speech reflects the _____ and _____ aspects of human communication.
Which type of intrusive sound often appears between two incompatible consonants?
Which type of intrusive sound often appears between two incompatible consonants?
What is the symbol for Schwa in the International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA)?
What is the symbol for Schwa in the International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA)?
Schwa is a tense vowel sound that appears in stressed syllables.
Schwa is a tense vowel sound that appears in stressed syllables.
What is the origin of the word 'Schwa'?
What is the origin of the word 'Schwa'?
The Schwa sound is primarily found in __________ syllables.
The Schwa sound is primarily found in __________ syllables.
Match the following words with their Schwa vowel usage:
Match the following words with their Schwa vowel usage:
How does Schwa affect language comprehension?
How does Schwa affect language comprehension?
Schwa contributes to the rhythm of English speech by being relatively static.
Schwa contributes to the rhythm of English speech by being relatively static.
Explain why Schwa is considered a 'linguistic chameleon'.
Explain why Schwa is considered a 'linguistic chameleon'.
In contrast to more staccato languages, English uses __________ timing characterized by the Schwa.
In contrast to more staccato languages, English uses __________ timing characterized by the Schwa.
Match the following phonetic concepts with their functions:
Match the following phonetic concepts with their functions:
What is a unique challenge for non-native English speakers regarding Schwa?
What is a unique challenge for non-native English speakers regarding Schwa?
The Schwa sound is present in many dialects of English, influencing regional accents.
The Schwa sound is present in many dialects of English, influencing regional accents.
Why is the Schwa vowel sound important in linguistics?
Why is the Schwa vowel sound important in linguistics?
Schwa is often described as a linguistic __________ due to its unassuming presence.
Schwa is often described as a linguistic __________ due to its unassuming presence.
What may change about Schwa as language evolves?
What may change about Schwa as language evolves?
What is glottalisation primarily characterized by?
What is glottalisation primarily characterized by?
Glottalisation is exclusively common in American English.
Glottalisation is exclusively common in American English.
Name one example of a word where glottalisation occurs.
Name one example of a word where glottalisation occurs.
Glottalisation can significantly impact the ___ of English language pronunciation.
Glottalisation can significantly impact the ___ of English language pronunciation.
Match the following aspects of glottalisation with their descriptions:
Match the following aspects of glottalisation with their descriptions:
Which of the following BEST describes the effect of glottalisation on vowel sounds?
Which of the following BEST describes the effect of glottalisation on vowel sounds?
Glottal stops are not observed in formal English speech.
Glottal stops are not observed in formal English speech.
What role does glottalisation play in language comprehension?
What role does glottalisation play in language comprehension?
The process of constricting the vocal cords during speech is known as ___ .
The process of constricting the vocal cords during speech is known as ___ .
Match the following phrases to their corresponding examples:
Match the following phrases to their corresponding examples:
In which English dialect is glottalisation LESS common?
In which English dialect is glottalisation LESS common?
Flipping is an integral aspect of glottalisation.
Flipping is an integral aspect of glottalisation.
What effect can glottalisation have on the English language’s acoustic profile?
What effect can glottalisation have on the English language’s acoustic profile?
Glottalisation can be observed in words like 'kitten' and 'certain', where the ____ sound does not connect the syllables.
Glottalisation can be observed in words like 'kitten' and 'certain', where the ____ sound does not connect the syllables.
What does the term 'sociolects' refer to in the context of glottalisation?
What does the term 'sociolects' refer to in the context of glottalisation?
Practicing glottal stops can aid language learners in mastering English pronunciation.
Practicing glottal stops can aid language learners in mastering English pronunciation.
Flashcards
Assimilation
Assimilation
The process where one sound influences the pronunciation of another sound.
Connected Speech
Connected Speech
Natural spoken language where words in sentences connect with each other.
Regressive Assimilation
Regressive Assimilation
Occurs when a sound changes due to a following sound.
Progressive Assimilation
Progressive Assimilation
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Coalescent Assimilation
Coalescent Assimilation
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Assimilation of Manner
Assimilation of Manner
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Assimilation of Place
Assimilation of Place
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Assimilation of Voice
Assimilation of Voice
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Elision
Elision
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Intrusive Sounds
Intrusive Sounds
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Intrusive Vowels
Intrusive Vowels
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Intrusive /r/
Intrusive /r/
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Intrusive /j/ and /w/
Intrusive /j/ and /w/
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Co-articulation Theory
Co-articulation Theory
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Cognitive Compensation
Cognitive Compensation
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Phonetics
Phonetics
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Fluidity in Speech
Fluidity in Speech
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Teaching Pronunciation
Teaching Pronunciation
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Sociolinguistic Implications
Sociolinguistic Implications
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Articulatory Mechanics
Articulatory Mechanics
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Listening Exercises
Listening Exercises
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Communicative Competence
Communicative Competence
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Weak Forms
Weak Forms
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Function Words
Function Words
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Content Words
Content Words
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Auditory Focus
Auditory Focus
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Rhythm of English Speech
Rhythm of English Speech
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Regional Variation
Regional Variation
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Global Intelligibility
Global Intelligibility
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Authentic Spoken Resources
Authentic Spoken Resources
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Apostrophe Representation
Apostrophe Representation
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Delayed Plosion
Delayed Plosion
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Phonetic Manifestation
Phonetic Manifestation
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Accent Differentiation
Accent Differentiation
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Speech Clarity
Speech Clarity
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Interpersonal Communication Skills
Interpersonal Communication Skills
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Speech Rhythm
Speech Rhythm
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Plosive + Consonant Pairs
Plosive + Consonant Pairs
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Spontaneous Speech
Spontaneous Speech
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Text-to-Speech (TTS) Systems
Text-to-Speech (TTS) Systems
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Nuanced Speech Elements
Nuanced Speech Elements
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Artificial Voices
Artificial Voices
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Flipping (or Flapping)
Flipping (or Flapping)
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Alveolar Tap
Alveolar Tap
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Lenition
Lenition
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Intervocalic Position
Intervocalic Position
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Raising Consciousness
Raising Consciousness
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Casual Conversation
Casual Conversation
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Teaching ESL
Teaching ESL
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Pronunciation Fluency
Pronunciation Fluency
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Catenation
Catenation
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Phonological Phenomenon
Phonological Phenomenon
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Coarticulation
Coarticulation
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Convenience in Speech
Convenience in Speech
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Rhythmic Continuity
Rhythmic Continuity
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Sentence Fluidity
Sentence Fluidity
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Communication Clarity
Communication Clarity
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Schwa
Schwa
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Vowel Reduction
Vowel Reduction
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Consonant Alteration
Consonant Alteration
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Natural Pronunciation
Natural Pronunciation
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Pronunciation Context
Pronunciation Context
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Impact on English Learners
Impact on English Learners
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Voice Recognition Systems
Voice Recognition Systems
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Vowel Elision
Vowel Elision
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Consonant Elision
Consonant Elision
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Liaison
Liaison
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Dialectal Variance
Dialectal Variance
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Pedagogical Value of Elision
Pedagogical Value of Elision
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Elision and Oral Comprehension
Elision and Oral Comprehension
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Cockney English
Cockney English
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Received Pronunciation (RP)
Received Pronunciation (RP)
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Connected Speech Processes
Connected Speech Processes
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Flipping
Flipping
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Glottalisation
Glottalisation
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Vocal cords
Vocal cords
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Glottal stop
Glottal stop
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Dialect variations
Dialect variations
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Implied meaning
Implied meaning
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Phonological process
Phonological process
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Sociolects
Sociolects
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Language comprehension
Language comprehension
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Phonetic variation
Phonetic variation
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Teaching strategies
Teaching strategies
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Informal English
Informal English
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Expressive tool
Expressive tool
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Rhythm of spoken English
Rhythm of spoken English
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Physical sensation of glottal stop
Physical sensation of glottal stop
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Hebrew Origin of Schwa
Hebrew Origin of Schwa
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Unstressed Syllables
Unstressed Syllables
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Phonetic Economy
Phonetic Economy
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Schwa's Role in English
Schwa's Role in English
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Vowel Neutrality
Vowel Neutrality
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Schwa and Language Learning
Schwa and Language Learning
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Cultural Significance of Schwa
Cultural Significance of Schwa
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Sound Articulation in Schwa
Sound Articulation in Schwa
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Schwa's Challenge for Non-Natives
Schwa's Challenge for Non-Natives
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Stress Timing in English
Stress Timing in English
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Future of Schwa
Future of Schwa
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Linguistic Phantom
Linguistic Phantom
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Study Notes
Assimilation in Connected Speech
- Assimilation: One sound influencing another's pronunciation for smoother connected speech.
- Connected Speech: Natural spoken language where words connect.
- Types of Assimilation:
- Regressive/Anticipatory: A later sound affects an earlier one (e.g., "ten boys" – /n/ becomes /m/).
- Progressive/Preservative: An earlier sound affects a later one (e.g., "dogs" – /z/ affects /g/ voicing).
- Coalescent: Sounds combine to form a new sound (e.g., "did you" pronounced as "didju").
- Assimilation of Manner, Place, and Voice:
- Manner: A sound takes on the manner of a neighboring sound (e.g., "good boy" – /d/ and /b/ combine).
- Place: A sound changes to the articulation place of a neighboring sound (e.g., "in place" – /n/ becomes /m/).
- Voice: Voiced/voiceless changes due to neighboring sounds (e.g., "cats" – /t/ becomes voiced).
- Impact on Learners/Technology: Learners must understand assimilation rules to improve listening comprehension, and voice recognition systems need to account for these changes to increase accuracy.
Elision in Connected Speech
- Elision: The omission of sounds or syllables, mainly in informal, rapid speech.
- Examples of Elision:
- Omission of "and" (e.g., "fish 'n' chips").
- Middle consonants (e.g., "wanted," "last night").
- Initial /h/ in function words (e.g., "his," "him").
- Consonant clusters (e.g., "firstly" to "firsly").
- Overlapping consonants (e.g., "this suit" to "thi-suit").
- Dialectal Variations: Elision can differ between standard and non-standard dialects.
- Pedagogical Value: Understanding elision improves fluency and comprehension.
- Impacts on Comprehension: Elision can present challenges but also develops listener skills.
- Elision Across Accents: Variations in elision exist across English accents (e.g., Cockney English, Received Pronunciation).
Intrusive Sounds in Connected Speech
- Intrusive Sounds: Extra sounds that appear in connected speech not present in formal pronunciation.
- Examples of Intrusive Sounds:
- Intrusive /w/ or /j/: (e.g., "I saw it" → "I sawwit").
- Intrusive vowels (like schwa): Prevent consonant clusters (e.g., "actress" → /ˈæk.trəs/).
- Intrusive /r/: Common in non-rhotic English (e.g., "Media outlets" → /ˈmiːdiər ˈaʊtləts/).
- Phonetic Explanations: Co-articulation (aiding speech efficiency) and linking /r/ resonance.
- Impact on Understanding: Generally, intrusive sounds do not hinder comprehension.
- Pedagogical Implications: Learners benefit from understanding intrusive sounds to improve listening and production.
Catenation in Connected Speech
- Catenation: Linking word-ending sounds to beginning sounds of succeeding words.
- Examples of Catenation: Linking "Stand up,".
- Convenience in Speech: Catenation is driven by simplified articulation and ease of speech.
- Impact on Rhythm and Fluidity: Catenation shapes rhythm, ensures fluency, and helps avoid confusion in rapid speech.
- Implications for Language Learners: Catenation comprehension boosts recognition of words in context.
Weak Forms
- Weak Forms: Reduced pronunciation of unstressed function words.
- Characteristics: Reduced vowel sounds (often schwa /ə/), consonant changes (e.g., dropping /d/ and /r/ in certain cases).
- Function Words: Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, pronouns, determiners.
- Practical Use: Weak forms enhance speech rhythm and intelligibility, saving energy.
- Regional Variations: Occurrences of weak forms and their usage differ in some accents.
- Learner Strategies: Engage with authentic English spoken resources to improve weak form usage.
Delayed Plosion
- Delayed Plosion: Delaying the release of plosive sounds in connected speech.
- Phonetic Manifestation: Plosive release is held until the start of the following word.
- Accent/Intelligibility Impacts: Features variations in accents and affects intelligibility in noisy environments.
- Teaching Implications:
- Explicit instruction for learners.
- Practice exercises with plosive consonant pairings.
- Encourage spontaneous use for improvement..
- Applications in Text-to-Speech: AI can use delayed plosion to make synthetic voices more natural.
Flipping
- Flipping: Modification of /t/ or /d/ sounds between vowels to a tap sound [ɾ].
- Occurs in fast casual speech and varies by accent.
- Phonetic Understanding: Lenition (softening) is a type of phonetic category. Alveolar tap/flap is the relevant phonetic description.
- Pedagogical Implications: Raises awareness, provides practice, and helps learners improve natural pronunciation.
Glottalisation
- Glottalisation: Consonant production affected by forceful glottal closing.
- Usage in English: Mostly appears in casual/informal/regional English.
- Dialectal Variations: Glottalisation usage varies between British/American dialects.
- Emphasis and Stylistic Use: Emphasizes a point/emotion to the listener.
- Comprehension Implications: Can sometimes influence the listener's comprehension.
- Teaching Implications: Introduces the concept to students by focusing on the physical sensation.
Schwa
- Schwa: The most frequent neutral vowel sound in unstressed syllables
- Definition: A vowel sound /ə/ produced by relaxing the tongue and lips.
- Origin/Function: Linguistic economy – Using the most neutral vowel in unstressed positions.
- Position/Function: Found in unstressed syllables and can often substitute vowels.
- Production and Science: Tongue positions within the oral cavity are less dynamic.
- Cultural Implications: Schwa usage varies across regional dialects.
- Role in Spoken English: Aids English speech rhythm, differentiating from other stress-timed languages.
- Language Acquisition: Challenges for learners as it differs greatly from the written form.
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