Asexual Reproduction Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the process that produces gametes?

  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Fertilization
  • Binary fission

Which of the following is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

  • Increased genetic diversity
  • Requirement for two parents (correct)
  • Lower energy expenditure
  • Faster rate of reproduction
  • Increased chances of passing on beneficial traits

What is the term for the condition of having half the number of chromosomes in a normal body cell?

  • Triploid
  • Monoploid
  • Diploid
  • Haploid (correct)

In humans, what is the haploid number?

<p>23 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the male gamete in plants?

<p>Pollen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the female gamete in animals?

<p>Ovum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?

<p>The number of chromosomes stays the same in mitosis. In meiosis, the number of chromosomes is halved. (B), Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces genetically different daughter cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Darwin's Finches support the theory of evolution by natural selection?

<p>They show that finches on the Galapagos Islands have evolved to become increasingly diverse in their beak shape and size, depending on the food sources available on each island. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when the nuclei of the pollen grain and the ovule fuse?

<p>Fertilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for producing pollen grains?

<p>Anther (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of pollination?

<p>Sunlight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that receives the pollen grain during pollination?

<p>Stigma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of fertilization in plants?

<p>Seed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pollen tube in plant reproduction?

<p>To transport the sperm nucleus to the ovule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-pollination?

<p>Pollen is transferred from one flower to another (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which structure does fertilization take place during plant reproduction?

<p>Ovule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of heredity?

<p>The passage of biological traits from parents to offspring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes traits?

<p>Physical or behavioral characteristics determined by genetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the formation of identical offspring without a mate?

<p>Asexual Reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be considered a significant aspect of 'nature vs nurture'?

<p>The influence of genetics on behavioral traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism primarily reproduces through binary fission?

<p>Amoeba (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of vegetative reproduction?

<p>It allows plants to grow from parts like stems or roots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In budding, what does the bud represent?

<p>A smaller version of the parent organism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism commonly reproduces through spores?

<p>Fungi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major advantage of asexual reproduction?

<p>Large numbers of offspring produced (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

<p>Offspring often compete for resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reproduction involves the union of male and female reproductive cells?

<p>Sexual reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of asexual reproduction?

<p>Cross-pollination between flowers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'genetic variation' refer to in sexual reproduction?

<p>Diverse traits leading to adaptation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organisms is capable of reproduction through fragmentation?

<p>Planaria (flatworms) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lack of parental care impact the offspring produced by asexual reproduction?

<p>It allows for independent survival immediately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of mitosis?

<p>Two identical diploid cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does crossing over occur in meiosis?

<p>Prophase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes fertilization in humans?

<p>Sperm and egg combine to form a zygote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hardening of the egg's membrane post-fertilization?

<p>To prevent multiple sperm from entering the egg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many times does PMAT happen during meiosis?

<p>Twice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the cells produced from meiosis compared to mitosis?

<p>Meiosis produces four different haploid cells, mitosis produces two identical diploid cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the combination of a maternal and paternal chromosome?

<p>Diploid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of sperm in fertilization?

<p>Sperm must first break down the egg's membrane to fuse with it (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary event that occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of meiosis is characterized by the alignment of homologous pairs in the center of the cell?

<p>Metaphase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Anaphase I of meiosis?

<p>Spindle fibers contract bringing homologous chromosomes to opposite poles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process ensures that cells produced at the end of meiosis are haploid?

<p>Reduction division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is specific to Metaphase II in meiosis?

<p>Sister chromatids align in the center in single file (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Telophase I?

<p>Nuclear membrane may reform and cytokinesis occurs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do spindle fibers play during meiosis?

<p>They line up chromosomes and separate them during division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over primarily occur?

<p>Prophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heredity

The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring through inherited genes. It's how we inherit traits like eye color, hair color, and even some personality aspects.

Trait

A characteristic determined by genes, which can be physical (like hair type or eye color) or behavioral (like nesting habits in birds).

Gene

A segment of DNA found on a chromosome that carries the instructions for a specific trait. They are the units of heredity.

Offspring

New living things that are produced by one or more parents. They often inherit traits from their parents.

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Nature vs Nurture

The combination of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) that shape an individual's traits and development.

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Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction where a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself. There is no need for a mate.

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Binary Fission

A type of asexual reproduction where a single-celled organism replicates its DNA, elongates, and then divides creating two identical daughter cells.

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Budding

A type of asexual reproduction where a parent organism produces a bud or a smaller version of itself. This bud can detach and form a new individual or stay attached forming a colony.

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Meiosis

The process of producing gametes (sex cells).

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Haploid

A cell containing half the normal number of chromosomes.

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Diploid

A cell containing the full number of chromosomes.

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Sperm

A male gamete (sex cell) produced in the testes.

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Ovum

A female gamete (sex cell) produced in the ovaries.

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Pollen

Male gamete in plants, produced in the anther.

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Ovule

The female gamete in plants, located within the ovule.

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What is the human haploid number?

Number of chromosomes in a haploid human cell.

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Fragmentation (Cutting)

A form of asexual reproduction where a piece of an organism breaks off and grows into a new individual.

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Large #'s of Offspring

An advantage of asexual reproduction where offspring are genetically identical to the parent, allowing for rapid population growth.

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No Energy Needed to Find A Mate

An advantage of asexual reproduction where offspring are identical to the parent, ensuring favorable traits are passed on.

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Offspring are Clones

A disadvantage of asexual reproduction where all organisms are genetically identical, making them susceptible to the same threats.

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Offspring Compete for Resources

A disadvantage of asexual reproduction where intense competition for resources can hinder growth and survival.

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Genetic Variation

An advantage of sexual reproduction where offspring have a diverse range of traits, increasing their chances of survival in changing environments.

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Runners

A type of asexual reproduction in plants where specialized stems grow horizontally along the ground, producing new plants at intervals.

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Prophase I

The first stage of meiosis where chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles move to opposite poles and homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material (crossing over).

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Metaphase I

The stage of meiosis where homologous chromosome pairs line up at the center of the cell (metaphase plate).

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Anaphase I

The stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibers and move to opposite poles of the cell. Each pole now has a complete set of chromosomes.

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Telophase I and Cytokinesis

The stage of meiosis where the cytoplasm divides and forms two daughter cells. Each cell now contains one chromosome set, meaning it's haploid.

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Anaphase II

The second stage of meiosis where the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers to opposite poles.

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Prophase II

The second stage of meiosis where the chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers reattach to the chromosomes. The centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell.

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Metaphase II

The second stage of meiosis where the chromosomes line up at the center of the cell (metaphase plate), ready to be separated.

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Telophase II and Cytokinesis

The final phase of meiosis where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a unique combination of chromosomes.

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Fertilization

The union of a sperm cell and an egg cell, resulting in the formation of a zygote.

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Zygote

A single-celled structure formed by the fusion of a sperm and egg cell.

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Self-pollination

The process in which pollen from a flower lands on the stigma of the same plant, allowing fertilization to occur.

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Cross-pollination

The process in which pollen from a flower lands on the stigma of a flower from a different plant (but the same kind of plant), enabling fertilization.

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Anther

The part of the stamen that produces pollen.

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Filament

The stalk that supports the anther in a flower.

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Pistil

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

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Stigma

The sticky tip of the pistil that receives the pollen.

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What is Meiosis?

The process of cell division that results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It occurs in sex cells (gametes) and is essential for sexual reproduction.

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What is Fertilization?

The joining of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote, the first cell of a new organism.

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What is a Haploid Cell?

A cell that has only one set of chromosomes, denoted as 'n'. Sperm and egg cells are examples.

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What is a Diploid Cell?

A cell that has two sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent), denoted as '2n'. Most human cells are diploid.

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What is Crossing Over?

A process where genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, leading to increased genetic variation in offspring.

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What is Prophase I?

The first stage of meiosis where chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up, and crossing over occurs.

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What is a Zygote?

The first cell formed by the fusion of a sperm and an egg during fertilization, containing a full set of chromosomes.

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What is a Sex Chromosome?

One of the two chromosomes that determine an individual's sex. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.

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Study Notes

Asexual Reproduction

  • Asexual reproduction is the formation of identical offspring in the absence of a mate.
  • Nature is the genes inherited from parents; nurture is the environmental influences after birth.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

  • Binary fission (or mitosis): The cell replicates its DNA, the cytoplasm elongates and divides, forming two daughter cells. This is common in one-celled organisms like bacteria, protists, and ameobas.

  • Budding: The parent produces a small bud, or a smaller version of itself (like yeast or hydra). The bud either detaches and becomes an independent organism, or remains attached forming a colony. Examples include coral and yeast.

  • Spores: One organism produces many spores, small units like seeds, that grow into new organisms. Examples include fungi and molds.

  • Fragmentation: A piece of an organism breaks off, the piece of the organism breaks off, grows into a new individual. This is seen in flatworms and starfish.

  • Vegetative Reproduction (propagation): This method involves parts of a plant, like cuttings, runners, grafting or tubers, growing into new plants. Examples include strawberries, potatoes, and aspen trees.

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

  • Large numbers of offspring
  • Little or no parental care required.
  • No energy required to find a mate

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

  • Offspring are clones, making them vulnerable to disease or harmful mutations affecting the whole group.
  • Extreme temperatures can wipe out entire colonies.
  • Offspring can compete for resources like food and space.

Sexual Reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction is the combining of male and female reproductive cells (gametes) producing genetically varied offspring.

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

  • Genetic variation allows organisms to survive in changing environments.

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

  • Takes more time
  • Organisms can be exposed to harsh conditions (predators, disease) when finding a mate.
  • Fewer offspring
  • Offspring take longer to mature than in asexual reproduction.

Fertilization

  • Fertilization occurs when male and female gametes combine and their nuclei fuse together to form one singular cell called a zygote.
  • In animals, the male gamete is sperm, the female is the egg.
  • In plants, the male gamete is pollen and the female is the ovule.

Methods of Pollination in Plants

  • Wind pollination: pollen carried by wind to reach the stigma of the flower.
  • Water pollination: water carries the pollen to the stigma of the flower.
  • Animal pollination: animals, like insects, birds, and mammals, carry pollen from one flower to another

Phases Of Seeds Forming

  • Pollination: pollen grains must transfer to the stigma
  • Germination: pollen tube grows towards the egg cell
  • Penetration: pollen tube travels down the style and reaches ovule
  • Fertilization: nuclei of pollen grain and ovule fuse to form a seed.

Stages of Meiosis

  • Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four haploid daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
  • Meiosis has two divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II, each with four phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

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Heredity Test Review Solution Set PDF

Description

This quiz covers the basics of asexual reproduction, including its definition and various types such as binary fission, budding, spores, and fragmentation. Understand how organisms reproduce without a mate and the significance of genetics and environment in their development.

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